Обсуждение: Are many idle connections bad?
The canonical advice here is to avoid more connections than you have CPUs, and to use something like pg_pooler to achieve that under heavy load.
We are considering using the Apache mod_perl "fast-CGI" system and perl's Apache::DBI module, which caches persistent connections in order to improve performance for lightweight web requests. Due to the way our customers are organized (a separate schema per client company), it's possible that there would be (for example) 32 fast-CGI processes, each of which had hundreds of cached connections open at any given time. This would result in a thousand or so Postgres connections on a machine with 32 CPUs.
But, Apache's fast-CGI mechanism allows you to specify the maximum number of fast-CGI processes that can run at one time; requests are queue by the Apache server if the load exceeds this maximum. That means that there would never be more than a configured maximum number of active connections; the rest would be idle.
So we'd have a situation where there there could be thousands of connections, but the actual workload would be throttled to any limit we like. We'd almost certainly limit it to match the number of CPUs.
So the question is: do idle connections impact performance?
Thanks,
Craig
Craig James <cjames@emolecules.com> writes:
> ... This would result in a thousand
> or so Postgres connections on a machine with 32 CPUs.
> So the question is: do idle connections impact performance?
Yes. Those connections have to be examined when gathering snapshot
information, since you don't know that they're idle until you look.
So the cost of taking a snapshot is proportional to the total number
of connections, even when most are idle. This sort of situation
is known to aggravate contention for the ProcArrayLock, which is a
performance bottleneck if you've got lots of CPUs.
You'd be a lot better off with a pooler.
(There has been, and continues to be, interest in getting rid of this
bottleneck ... but it's a problem in all existing Postgres versions.)
regards, tom lane
On Sat, Jul 25, 2015 at 8:04 AM, Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us> wrote:
Craig James <cjames@emolecules.com> writes:
> ... This would result in a thousand
> or so Postgres connections on a machine with 32 CPUs.
> So the question is: do idle connections impact performance?
Yes. Those connections have to be examined when gathering snapshot
information, since you don't know that they're idle until you look.
So the cost of taking a snapshot is proportional to the total number
of connections, even when most are idle. This sort of situation
is known to aggravate contention for the ProcArrayLock, which is a
performance bottleneck if you've got lots of CPUs.
You'd be a lot better off with a pooler.
OK, thanks for the info, that answers the question.
Another choice we have, since all schemas are in the same database, is to use a single "super user" connection that has access to every schema. Each fast-CGI would then only need a single connection. That's a lot more work, as it requires altering our security, altering all of the SQL statements, etc. It moves the security model from the database to the application.
A pooler isn't an idea solution here, because there is still overhead associated with each connection. Persistent connections are blazingly fast (we already use them in a more limited fast-CGI application).
Craig
(There has been, and continues to be, interest in getting rid of this
bottleneck ... but it's a problem in all existing Postgres versions.)
regards, tom lane
---------------------------------
Craig A. James
Chief Technology OfficerCraig A. James
On Sat, Jul 25, 2015 at 7:50 AM, Craig James <cjames@emolecules.com> wrote:
The canonical advice here is to avoid more connections than you have CPUs, and to use something like pg_pooler to achieve that under heavy load.We are considering using the Apache mod_perl "fast-CGI" system and perl's Apache::DBI module, which caches persistent connections in order to improve performance for lightweight web requests. Due to the way our customers are organized (a separate schema per client company),
And presumably with a different PostgreSQL user to go with each schema?
it's possible that there would be (for example) 32 fast-CGI processes, each of which had hundreds of cached connections open at any given time. This would result in a thousand or so Postgres connections on a machine with 32 CPUs.
Why would it need so many cached connections per fast-CGI process? Could you set up affinity so that the same client (or at least the same web session) usually ends up at the same fast-CGI process (when it is available), so the other fast-CGI processes don't need to cache DBI connections for every DB user, but just for the ones they habitually serve?
But, Apache's fast-CGI mechanism allows you to specify the maximum number of fast-CGI processes that can run at one time; requests are queue by the Apache server if the load exceeds this maximum. That means that there would never be more than a configured maximum number of active connections; the rest would be idle.So we'd have a situation where there there could be thousands of connections, but the actual workload would be throttled to any limit we like. We'd almost certainly limit it to match the number of CPUs.So the question is: do idle connections impact performance?
In my hands, truly idle connections are very very cheap, other than the general overhead of a having a process in the process table and some local memory. Where people usually run into trouble are:
1) that the idle connections are only idle "normally", and as soon as the system runs into trouble the app starts trying to use all of those usually-idle connections. So you get increased use at the exact moment when you can't deal with it--when the system is already under stress. It sounds like you have that base covered.
2) That the idle connections are "idle in transaction", not truly idle, and this causes a variety of troubles, like vacuum not working effectively and hint bits that are permanently unsettable.
2b) A special case of 2 is that transaction has inserted a bunch of uncommitted tuples and then gone idle (or is just doing some other time consuming things) before either committing them or rolling them back. This can create an enormous amount of contention the proclock, as every process which stumbles across the tuple then has to ask every other active process "Is this your tuple? Are you done with it?". This could be particularly problematic if for example you are bulk loading a vendor catalog in a single transaction and therefore have a bunch of uncommitted tuples that are hanging around for along time.
If you have reasonably good load generator, it is pretty easy to spin up a bunch of idle connections and see what happens on your own hardware with your own workload and your own version of PostgreSQL.
Cheers,
Jeff
On Sat, Jul 25, 2015 at 8:50 AM, Craig James <cjames@emolecules.com> wrote:
The canonical advice here is to avoid more connections than you have CPUs, and to use something like pg_pooler to achieve that under heavy load.We are considering using the Apache mod_perl "fast-CGI" system and perl's Apache::DBI module, which caches persistent connections in order to improve performance for lightweight web requests. Due to the way our customers are organized (a separate schema per client company), it's possible that there would be (for example) 32 fast-CGI processes, each of which had hundreds of cached connections open at any given time. This would result in a thousand or so Postgres connections on a machine with 32 CPUs.
I don't have any hard performance numbers, but I ditched Apache::DBI years ago in favor of pgbouncer.
BTW if you are starting something new, my advice would be to use PSGI/Plack instead of apache/mod_perl. Granted, you can still use apache & mod_perl with PSGI if you want. It's more flexible in that it gives you the option of switching to another server willy nilly. I've found Starlet and Gazelle to be easier to work with and more performant than apache + mod_perl.