pgsql: Add target_relid parameter to pg_get_publication_tables().

Add target_relid parameter to pg_get_publication_tables().

When a tablesync worker checks whether a specific table is published,
it previously issued a query to the publisher calling
pg_get_publication_tables() and filtering the result by relid via a
WHERE clause. Because the function itself was fully evaluated before
the filter was applied, this forced the publisher to enumerate all
tables in the publication. For publications covering a large number of
tables, this resulted in expensive catalog scans and unnecessary CPU
overhead on the publisher.

This commit adds a new overloaded form of pg_get_publication_tables()
that accepts an array of publication names and a target table
OID. Instead of enumerating all published tables, it evaluates
membership for the specified relation via syscache lookups, using the
new is_table_publishable_in_publication() helper. This helper
correctly accounts for publish_via_partition_root, ALL TABLES with
EXCEPT clauses, schema publications, and partition inheritance, while
avoiding the overhead of building the complete published table list.

The existing VARIADIC array form of pg_get_publication_tables() is
preserved for backward compatibility. Tablesync workers use the new
two-argument form when connected to a publisher running PostgreSQL 19
or later.

Bump catalog version.

Reported-by: Marcos Pegoraro <marcos@f10.com.br>
Reviewed-by: Zhijie Hou <houzj.fnst@fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Matheus Alcantara <matheusssilv97@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Amit Kapila <amit.kapila16@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Peter Smith <smithpb2250@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Hayato Kuroda <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Chao Li <li.evan.chao@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Haoyan Wang <wanghaoyan20@163.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAB-JLwbBFNuASyEnZWP0Tck9uNkthBZqi6WoXNevUT6+mV8XmA@mail.gmail.com

Branch
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master

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/fd7a25af11e2cad4f48ffc4e50f18644e657ed53

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/catalog/pg_publication.c        | 241 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----
src/backend/replication/logical/tablesync.c |  70 +++++---
src/include/catalog/catversion.h            |   2 +-
src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat             |  13 +-
src/test/regress/expected/publication.out   | 225 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/test/regress/sql/publication.sql        | 107 ++++++++++++
6 files changed, 606 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)