pgsql: Add pg_encoding_set_invalid()

Add pg_encoding_set_invalid()

There are cases where we cannot / do not want to error out for invalidly
encoded input. In such cases it can be useful to replace e.g. an incomplete
multi-byte characters with bytes that will trigger an error when getting
validated as part of a larger string.

Unfortunately, until now, for some encoding no such sequence existed. For
those encodings this commit removes one previously accepted input combination
- we consider that to be ok, as the chosen bytes are outside of the valid
ranges for the encodings, we just previously failed to detect that.

As we cannot add a new field to pg_wchar_table without breaking ABI, this is
implemented "in-line" in the newly added function.

Author: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
Reviewed-by: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Backpatch-through: 13
Security: CVE-2025-1094

Branch
------
REL_14_STABLE

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/5bc33cbeae0e5cb8ecb410f8e47efb92811380fd

Modified Files
--------------
src/common/wchar.c                               | 55 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
src/include/mb/pg_wchar.h                        |  3 +-
src/test/regress/expected/conversion.out         |  4 ++
src/test/regress/input/create_function_0.source  |  5 +++
src/test/regress/output/create_function_0.source |  3 ++
src/test/regress/regress.c                       | 50 +++++++++++++++++++++
src/test/regress/sql/conversion.sql              |  3 ++
7 files changed, 121 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)