pgsql: Further refine _SPI_execute_plan's rule for atomic execution.

Further refine _SPI_execute_plan's rule for atomic execution.

Commit 2dc1deaea turns out to have been still a brick shy of a load,
because CALL statements executing within a plpgsql exception block
could still pass the wrong snapshot to stable functions within the
CALL's argument list.  That happened because standard_ProcessUtility
forces isAtomicContext to true if IsTransactionBlock is true, which
it always will be inside a subtransaction.  Then ExecuteCallStmt
would think it does not need to push a new snapshot --- but
_SPI_execute_plan didn't do so either, since it thought it was in
nonatomic mode.

The best fix for this seems to be for _SPI_execute_plan to operate
in atomic execution mode if IsSubTransaction() is true, even when the
SPI context as a whole is non-atomic.  This makes _SPI_execute_plan
have the same rules about when non-atomic execution is allowed as
_SPI_commit/_SPI_rollback have about when COMMIT/ROLLBACK are allowed,
which seems appropriately symmetric.  (If anyone ever tries to allow
COMMIT/ROLLBACK inside a subtransaction, this would all need to be
rethought ... but I'm unconvinced that such a thing could be logically
consistent at all.)

For further consistency, also check IsSubTransaction() in
SPI_inside_nonatomic_context.  That does not matter for its
one present-day caller StartTransaction, which can't be reached
inside a subtransaction.  But if any other callers ever arise,
they'd presumably want this definition.

Per bug #18656 from Alexander Alehin.  Back-patch to all
supported branches, like previous fixes in this area.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/18656-cade1780866ef66c@postgresql.org

Branch
------
master

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/c96de42c4b5f5d7bf785265cf26836326e28c6b6

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/executor/spi.c                   | 14 ++++++++++----
src/pl/plpgsql/src/expected/plpgsql_call.out | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
src/pl/plpgsql/src/sql/plpgsql_call.sql      | 17 +++++++++++++++++
3 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)