pgsql: Introduce PG_IO_ALIGN_SIZE and align all I/O buffers.

Introduce PG_IO_ALIGN_SIZE and align all I/O buffers.

In order to have the option to use O_DIRECT/FILE_FLAG_NO_BUFFERING in a
later commit, we need the addresses of user space buffers to be well
aligned.  The exact requirements vary by OS and file system (typically
sectors and/or memory pages).  The address alignment size is set to
4096, which is enough for currently known systems: it matches modern
sectors and common memory page size.  There is no standard governing
O_DIRECT's requirements so we might eventually have to reconsider this
with more information from the field or future systems.

Aligning I/O buffers on memory pages is also known to improve regular
buffered I/O performance.

Three classes of I/O buffers for regular data pages are adjusted:
(1) Heap buffers are now allocated with the new palloc_aligned() or
MemoryContextAllocAligned() functions introduced by commit 439f6175.
(2) Stack buffers now use a new struct PGIOAlignedBlock to respect
PG_IO_ALIGN_SIZE, if possible with this compiler.  (3) The buffer
pool is also aligned in shared memory.

WAL buffers were already aligned on XLOG_BLCKSZ.  It's possible for
XLOG_BLCKSZ to be configured smaller than PG_IO_ALIGNED_SIZE and thus
for O_DIRECT WAL writes to fail to be well aligned, but that's a
pre-existing condition and will be addressed by a later commit.

BufFiles are not yet addressed (there's no current plan to use O_DIRECT
for those, but they could potentially get some incidental speedup even
in plain buffered I/O operations through better alignment).

If we can't align stack objects suitably using the compiler extensions
we know about, we disable the use of O_DIRECT by setting PG_O_DIRECT to
0.  This avoids the need to consider systems that have O_DIRECT but
can't align stack objects the way we want; such systems could in theory
be supported with more work but we don't currently know of any such
machines, so it's easier to pretend there is no O_DIRECT support
instead.  That's an existing and tested class of system.

Add assertions that all buffers passed into smgrread(), smgrwrite() and
smgrextend() are correctly aligned, unless PG_O_DIRECT is 0 (= stack
alignment tricks may be unavailable) or the block size has been set too
small to allow arrays of buffers to be all aligned.

Author: Thomas Munro <thomas.munro@gmail.com>
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Reviewed-by: Justin Pryzby <pryzby@telsasoft.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA+hUKGK1X532hYqJ_MzFWt0n1zt8trz980D79WbjwnT-yYLZpg@mail.gmail.com

Branch
------
master

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/faeedbcefd40bfdf314e048c425b6d9208896d90

Modified Files
--------------
contrib/bloom/blinsert.c                  |  2 +-
contrib/pg_prewarm/pg_prewarm.c           |  2 +-
src/backend/access/gist/gistbuild.c       |  9 ++++----
src/backend/access/hash/hashpage.c        |  2 +-
src/backend/access/heap/rewriteheap.c     |  2 +-
src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtree.c        |  2 +-
src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtsort.c       |  8 +++++---
src/backend/access/spgist/spginsert.c     |  2 +-
src/backend/access/transam/generic_xlog.c | 13 ++++++++----
src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c         |  2 +-
src/backend/catalog/storage.c             |  2 +-
src/backend/storage/buffer/buf_init.c     | 10 ++++++---
src/backend/storage/buffer/bufmgr.c       |  2 +-
src/backend/storage/buffer/localbuf.c     |  7 +++++--
src/backend/storage/file/buffile.c        |  6 ++++++
src/backend/storage/page/bufpage.c        |  5 ++++-
src/backend/storage/smgr/md.c             | 15 +++++++++++++-
src/backend/utils/sort/logtape.c          |  2 +-
src/bin/pg_checksums/pg_checksums.c       |  2 +-
src/bin/pg_rewind/local_source.c          |  4 ++--
src/bin/pg_upgrade/file.c                 |  4 ++--
src/common/file_utils.c                   |  4 ++--
src/include/c.h                           | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++--------
src/include/pg_config_manual.h            |  6 ++++++
src/include/storage/fd.h                  |  5 +++--
src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list          |  1 +
26 files changed, 108 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)