pgsql: amcheck: Fix FullTransactionIdFromXidAndCtx() for xids before ep

amcheck: Fix FullTransactionIdFromXidAndCtx() for xids before epoch 0

64bit xids can't represent xids before epoch 0 (see also be504a3e974). When
FullTransactionIdFromXidAndCtx() was passed such an xid, it'd create a 64bit
xid far into the future. Noticed while adding assertions in the course of
investigating be504a3e974, as amcheck's test create such xids.

To fix the issue, just return FirstNormalFullTransactionId in this case. A
freshly initdb'd cluster already has a newer horizon. The most minimal version
of this would make the messages for some detected corruptions differently
inaccurate. To make those cases accurate, switch
FullTransactionIdFromXidAndCtx() to use the 32bit modulo difference between
xid and nextxid to compute the 64bit xid, yielding sensible "in the future" /
"in the past" answers.

Reviewed-by: Mark Dilger <mark.dilger@enterprisedb.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20230108002923.cyoser3ttmt63bfn@awork3.anarazel.de
Backpatch: 14-, where heapam verification was introduced

Branch
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REL_15_STABLE

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/e8a9750d03d70de4ecd5aee37971498d90aabca5

Modified Files
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contrib/amcheck/verify_heapam.c           | 33 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
src/bin/pg_amcheck/t/004_verify_heapam.pl | 28 ++++++++++++++++++--------
2 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)