pgsql: Allow on-line enabling and disabling of data checksums

Allow on-line enabling and disabling of data checksums

This makes it possible to turn checksums on in a live cluster, without
the previous need for dump/reload or logical replication (and to turn it
off).

Enabling checkusm starts a background process in the form of a
launcher/worker combination that goes through the entire database and
recalculates checksums on each and every page. Only when all pages have
been checksummed are they fully enabled in the cluster. Any failure of
the process will revert to checksums off and the process has to be
started.

This adds a new WAL record that indicates the state of checksums, so
the process works across replicated clusters.

Authors: Magnus Hagander and Daniel Gustafsson
Review: Tomas Vondra, Michael Banck, Heikki Linnakangas, Andrey Borodin

Branch
------
master

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/1fde38beaa0c3e66c340efc7cc0dc272d6254bb0

Modified Files
--------------
doc/src/sgml/func.sgml                            |  65 ++
doc/src/sgml/ref/allfiles.sgml                    |   1 +
doc/src/sgml/ref/initdb.sgml                      |   6 +-
doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_verify_checksums.sgml         | 112 +++
doc/src/sgml/reference.sgml                       |   1 +
doc/src/sgml/wal.sgml                             |  81 ++
src/backend/access/rmgrdesc/xlogdesc.c            |  16 +
src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c                 | 124 +++-
src/backend/access/transam/xlogfuncs.c            |  59 ++
src/backend/catalog/system_views.sql              |   5 +
src/backend/postmaster/Makefile                   |   5 +-
src/backend/postmaster/bgworker.c                 |   7 +
src/backend/postmaster/checksumhelper.c           | 855 ++++++++++++++++++++++
src/backend/postmaster/pgstat.c                   |   5 +
src/backend/replication/basebackup.c              |   2 +-
src/backend/replication/logical/decode.c          |   1 +
src/backend/storage/ipc/ipci.c                    |   2 +
src/backend/storage/page/README                   |   3 +-
src/backend/storage/page/bufpage.c                |   6 +-
src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c                      |  37 +-
src/bin/Makefile                                  |   1 +
src/bin/pg_upgrade/controldata.c                  |   9 +
src/bin/pg_upgrade/pg_upgrade.h                   |   2 +-
src/bin/pg_verify_checksums/.gitignore            |   1 +
src/bin/pg_verify_checksums/Makefile              |  36 +
src/bin/pg_verify_checksums/pg_verify_checksums.c | 315 ++++++++
src/include/access/xlog.h                         |  10 +-
src/include/access/xlog_internal.h                |   7 +
src/include/catalog/catversion.h                  |   2 +-
src/include/catalog/pg_control.h                  |   1 +
src/include/catalog/pg_proc.h                     |   5 +
src/include/pgstat.h                              |   4 +-
src/include/postmaster/checksumhelper.h           |  31 +
src/include/storage/bufpage.h                     |   1 +
src/include/storage/checksum.h                    |   7 +
src/test/Makefile                                 |   3 +-
src/test/checksum/.gitignore                      |   2 +
src/test/checksum/Makefile                        |  24 +
src/test/checksum/README                          |  22 +
src/test/checksum/t/001_standby_checksum.pl       | 101 +++
src/test/isolation/expected/checksum_cancel.out   |  27 +
src/test/isolation/expected/checksum_enable.out   |  27 +
src/test/isolation/isolation_schedule             |   4 +
src/test/isolation/specs/checksum_cancel.spec     |  47 ++
src/test/isolation/specs/checksum_enable.spec     |  70 ++
45 files changed, 2118 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)