pgsql: Local partitioned indexes

Local partitioned indexes

When CREATE INDEX is run on a partitioned table, create catalog entries
for an index on the partitioned table (which is just a placeholder since
the table proper has no data of its own), and recurse to create actual
indexes on the existing partitions; create them in future partitions
also.

As a convenience gadget, if the new index definition matches some
existing index in partitions, these are picked up and used instead of
creating new ones.  Whichever way these indexes come about, they become
attached to the index on the parent table and are dropped alongside it,
and cannot be dropped on isolation unless they are detached first.

To support pg_dump'ing these indexes, add commands
    CREATE INDEX ON ONLY <table>
(which creates the index on the parent partitioned table, without
recursing) and
    ALTER INDEX ATTACH PARTITION
(which is used after the indexes have been created individually on each
partition, to attach them to the parent index).  These reconstruct prior
database state exactly.

Reviewed-by: (in alphabetical order) Peter Eisentraut, Robert Haas, Amit
    Langote, Jesper Pedersen, Simon Riggs, David Rowley
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20171113170646.gzweigyrgg6pwsg4@alvherre.pgsql

Branch
------
master

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/8b08f7d4820fd7a8ef6152a9dd8c6e3cb01e5f99

Modified Files
--------------
doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml                |  23 +
doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_index.sgml         |  14 +
doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_table.sgml         |   8 +-
doc/src/sgml/ref/create_index.sgml        |  33 +-
doc/src/sgml/ref/reindex.sgml             |   5 +
src/backend/access/common/reloptions.c    |   1 +
src/backend/access/heap/heapam.c          |   9 +-
src/backend/access/index/indexam.c        |   3 +-
src/backend/bootstrap/bootparse.y         |   2 +
src/backend/catalog/aclchk.c              |   9 +-
src/backend/catalog/dependency.c          |  14 +-
src/backend/catalog/heap.c                |   1 +
src/backend/catalog/index.c               | 203 +++++++-
src/backend/catalog/objectaddress.c       |   5 +-
src/backend/catalog/pg_depend.c           |  13 +-
src/backend/catalog/pg_inherits.c         |  80 ++++
src/backend/catalog/toasting.c            |   2 +
src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c          | 397 +++++++++++++++-
src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c          | 653 +++++++++++++++++++++++---
src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c             |   1 +
src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c            |   1 +
src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c              |   1 +
src/backend/parser/gram.y                 |  33 +-
src/backend/parser/parse_utilcmd.c        |  65 ++-
src/backend/tcop/utility.c                |  22 +
src/backend/utils/adt/amutils.c           |   3 +-
src/backend/utils/adt/ruleutils.c         |  17 +-
src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c        |  39 +-
src/bin/pg_dump/common.c                  | 107 ++++-
src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c                 | 102 +++-
src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h                 |  11 +
src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump_sort.c            |  56 ++-
src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl          |  95 ++++
src/bin/psql/describe.c                   |  20 +-
src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c               |  34 +-
src/include/catalog/dependency.h          |  15 +
src/include/catalog/index.h               |  10 +
src/include/catalog/pg_class.h            |   1 +
src/include/catalog/pg_inherits_fn.h      |   3 +
src/include/commands/defrem.h             |   3 +-
src/include/nodes/execnodes.h             |   1 +
src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h            |   7 +-
src/include/parser/parse_utilcmd.h        |   3 +
src/test/regress/expected/alter_table.out |  65 ++-
src/test/regress/expected/indexing.out    | 757 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/test/regress/parallel_schedule        |   2 +-
src/test/regress/serial_schedule          |   1 +
src/test/regress/sql/alter_table.sql      |  16 +
src/test/regress/sql/indexing.sql         | 388 +++++++++++++++
49 files changed, 3172 insertions(+), 182 deletions(-)