Why statement_timeout does not work always in postgres 10.19?
Due to questions like yours it was decided the behavior of "psql -c" needed to be changed. But it is good software practice to not change such behavior on a minor release. Thus the current version of 10 has the old behavior and the current version of 14 has the improved behavior (I don't recall when exactly it changed). This is not a bug, it is just how softwares changes over time.