[GENERAL] Indexes being ignored after upgrade to 9.5

We have recently promoted our Prod DB slave (2TB) to migrate to new hardware, and upgraded from v9.2.9.21 to 9.5.1.6 using pg_upgrade.

The upgrade went without incident and we have been running for a week, but the optimizer is ignoring indexes on 2 of our largest partitioned tables causing very slow response times.

The indexes are Btree indexes on BIGINT columns, which the optimizer used to return queries with ms response times on 9.2. Post-upgrade the queries sequential scan and do not use indexes unless we force them.

We've added duplicate indexes and analyzing, however the new indexes are still ignored unless we force using enable_seqscan=no or reduce random_page_cost to 2. The query response times using the new indexes are still as slow when we do this. Checking pg_stat_user_indexes the number of tuples returned per idx_scan is far greater after the upgrade than before. All indexes show valid in pg_indexes.

We have tried increasing effective_cache_size but no effect (the queries appear to go slower). The DB is 24x7 so we cannot reindex the tables/ partitions.

Can anyone suggest why this would be happening?

Many thanks

Nick