Add recovery to pg_control and remove backup_label

Hackers,

This was originally proposed in [1] but that thread went through a 
number of different proposals so it seems better to start anew.

The basic idea here is to simplify and harden recovery by getting rid of 
backup_label and storing recovery information directly in pg_control. 
Instead of backup software copying pg_control from PGDATA, it stores an 
updated version that is returned from pg_backup_stop(). I believe this 
is better for the following reasons:

* The user can no longer remove backup_label and get what looks like a 
successful restore (while almost certainly causing corruption). If 
pg_control is removed the cluster will not start. The user may try 
pg_resetwal, but I think that tool makes it pretty clear that corruption 
will result from its use. We could also modify pg_resetwal to complain 
if recovery info is present in pg_control.

* We don't need to worry about backup software seeing a torn copy of 
pg_control, since Postgres can safely read it out of memory and provide 
a valid copy via pg_backup_stop(). This solves [2] without needing to 
write pg_control via a temp file, which may affect performance on a 
standby. Unfortunately, this solution cannot be back patched.

* For backup from standby, we no longer need to instruct the backup 
software to copy pg_control last. In fact the backup software should not 
copy pg_control from PGDATA at all.

Since backup_label is now gone, the fields that used to be in 
backup_label are now provided as columns returned from pg_backup_start() 
and pg_backup_stop() and the backup history file is still written to the 
archive. For pg_basebackup we would have the option of writing the 
fields into the JSON manifest, storing them to a file (e.g. 
backup.info), or just ignoring them. None of the fields are required for 
recovery but backup software may be very interested in them.

I updated pg_rewind but I'm not very confident in the tests. When I 
removed backup_label processing, but before I updated pg_rewind to write 
recovery info into pg_control, all the rewind tests passed.

This patch highlights the fact that we still have no tests for the 
low-level backup method. I modified pgBackRest to work with this patch 
and the entire test suite ran without any issues, but in-core tests 
would be good to have. I'm planning to work on those myself as a 
separate patch.

This patch would also make the proposal in [3] obsolete since there is 
no need to rename backup_label if it is gone.

I know that outputting pg_control as bytea is going to be a bit 
controversial. Software that is using psql get run pg_backup_stop() 
could use encode() to get pg_control as text and then decode it later. 
Alternately, we could update ReadControlFile() to recognize a 
base64-encoded pg_control file. I'm not sure dealing with binary data is 
that much of a problem, though, and if the backup software gets it wrong 
then recovery with fail on an invalid pg_control file.

Lastly, I think there are improvements to be made in recovery that go 
beyond this patch. I originally set out to load the recovery info into 
*just* the existing fields in pg_control but it required so many changes 
to recovery that I decided it was too dangerous to do all in one patch. 
This patch very much takes the "backup_label in pg_control" approach, 
though I reused fields where possible. The added fields, e.g. 
backupRecoveryRequested, also allow us to keep the user experience 
pretty much the same in terms of messages and errors.

Thoughts?

Regards,
-David

[1] 
https://postgresql.org/message-id/1330cb48-4e47-03ca-f2fb-b144b49514d8%40pgmasters.net
[2] 
https://postgresql.org/message-id/20221123014224.xisi44byq3cf5psi%40awork3.anarazel.de
[3] 
https://postgresql.org/message-id/eb3d1aae-1a75-bcd3-692a-38729423168f%40pgmasters.net