testing HS/SR - performance difference primary vs. standby

What is the expected difference in (select-)
performance between a primary and standby? (v9.0)

I expected no difference, but I find large differences.

Here is one test:

On port 6566 is primary, on port 6566 slave.
They are both on an otherwise idle machine.

Initialize:
  pgbench -h /tmp -p 6565 -i -s 10000 replicas

Then, after waiting for the standby to catch up:

3x pgbench on primary:

pgbench -h /tmp -p 6565 -n -S -c 20 -T 900 replicas
  tps = 518.854079 (including connections establishing)
  tps = 563.715825 (including connections establishing)
  tps = 614.428721 (including connections establishing)

3x pgbench on standby:

pgbench -h /tmp -p 6566 -n -S -c 20 -T 900 replicas
  tps = 272.378369 (including connections establishing)
  tps = 287.080326 (including connections establishing)
  tps = 304.373053 (including connections establishing)


The postgresql.conf's are almost the same:

grep -Ev '^([[:space:]]*#)|(^$)' ...

pgsql.sr_primary/data/postgresql.conf:data_directory =
'/var/data1/pg_stuff/pg_installations/pgsql.sr_primary/data'
pgsql.sr_primary/data/postgresql.conf:port = 6565
pgsql.sr_primary/data/postgresql.conf:max_connections = 100
pgsql.sr_primary/data/postgresql.conf:shared_buffers = 32MB
pgsql.sr_primary/data/postgresql.conf:checkpoint_segments = 50
pgsql.sr_primary/data/postgresql.conf:archive_mode = 'on'
pgsql.sr_primary/data/postgresql.conf:archive_command= 'cp %p
/var/data1/pg_stuff/dump/replication_archive/%f'
pgsql.sr_primary/data/postgresql.conf:max_wal_senders = 5
pgsql.sr_primary/data/postgresql.conf:datestyle = 'iso, mdy'
pgsql.sr_primary/data/postgresql.conf:lc_messages = 'en_US.UTF-8'
pgsql.sr_primary/data/postgresql.conf:lc_monetary = 'en_US.UTF-8'
pgsql.sr_primary/data/postgresql.conf:lc_numeric = 'en_US.UTF-8'
pgsql.sr_primary/data/postgresql.conf:lc_time = 'en_US.UTF-8'
pgsql.sr_primary/data/postgresql.conf:default_text_search_config = 'pg_catalog.english'


pgsql.sr_slavery/data/postgresql.conf:data_directory =
'/var/data1/pg_stuff/pg_installations/pgsql.sr_slavery/data'
pgsql.sr_slavery/data/postgresql.conf:port = 6566
pgsql.sr_slavery/data/postgresql.conf:max_connections = 100
pgsql.sr_slavery/data/postgresql.conf:shared_buffers = 32MB
pgsql.sr_slavery/data/postgresql.conf:checkpoint_segments = 50
pgsql.sr_slavery/data/postgresql.conf:archive_mode = 'on'
pgsql.sr_slavery/data/postgresql.conf:archive_command= 'cp %p
/var/data1/pg_stuff/dump/replication_archive/%f'
pgsql.sr_slavery/data/postgresql.conf:max_wal_senders = 5
pgsql.sr_slavery/data/postgresql.conf:datestyle = 'iso, mdy'
pgsql.sr_slavery/data/postgresql.conf:lc_messages = 'en_US.UTF-8'
pgsql.sr_slavery/data/postgresql.conf:lc_monetary = 'en_US.UTF-8'
pgsql.sr_slavery/data/postgresql.conf:lc_numeric = 'en_US.UTF-8'
pgsql.sr_slavery/data/postgresql.conf:lc_time = 'en_US.UTF-8'
pgsql.sr_slavery/data/postgresql.conf:default_text_search_config = 'pg_catalog.english'


Is that large difference expected?  (what causes it?)


Thanks,

Erik Rijkers