add AVX2 support to simd.h

On Wed, Nov 22, 2023 at 12:49:35PM -0600, Nathan Bossart wrote:
> On Wed, Nov 22, 2023 at 02:54:13PM +0200, Ants Aasma wrote:
>> For reference, executing the page checksum 10M times on a AMD 3900X CPU:
>> 
>> clang-14 -O2                 4.292s (17.8 GiB/s)
>> clang-14 -O2 -msse4.1        2.859s (26.7 GiB/s)
>> clang-14 -O2 -msse4.1 -mavx2 1.378s (55.4 GiB/s)
> 
> Nice.  I've noticed similar improvements with AVX2 intrinsics in simd.h.

I've alluded to this a few times now, so I figured I'd park the patch and
preliminary benchmarks in a new thread while we iron out how to support
newer instructions (see discussion here [0]).

Using the same benchmark as we did for the SSE2 linear searches in
XidInMVCCSnapshot() (commit 37a6e5d) [1] [2], I see the following:

  writers    sse2    avx2     %
      256    1195    1188    -1
      512     928    1054   +14
     1024     633     716   +13
     2048     332     420   +27
     4096     162     203   +25
     8192     162     182   +12

It's been a while since I ran these benchmarks, but I vaguely recall also
seeing something like a 50% improvement for a dedicated pg_lfind32()
benchmark on long arrays.

As is, the patch likely won't do anything unless you add -mavx2 or
-march=native to your CFLAGS.  I don't intend for this patch to be
seriously considered until we have better support for detecting/compiling
AVX2 instructions and a buildfarm machine that uses them.

I plan to start another thread for AVX2 support for the page checksums.

[0] https://postgr.es/m/20231107024734.GB729644%40nathanxps13
[1] https://postgr.es/m/057a9a95-19d2-05f0-17e2-f46ff20e9b3e@2ndquadrant.com
[2] https://postgr.es/m/20220713170950.GA3116318%40nathanxps13

-- 
Nathan Bossart
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