Re: [HACKERS] asynchronous execution

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От Kyotaro HORIGUCHI
Тема Re: [HACKERS] asynchronous execution
Дата
Msg-id 20180111.170839.23674040.horiguchi.kyotaro@lab.ntt.co.jp
обсуждение исходный текст
Ответ на Re: [HACKERS] asynchronous execution  (Kyotaro HORIGUCHI <horiguchi.kyotaro@lab.ntt.co.jp>)
Ответы Re: [HACKERS] asynchronous execution
Список pgsql-hackers
At Mon, 11 Dec 2017 20:07:53 +0900 (Tokyo Standard Time), Kyotaro HORIGUCHI <horiguchi.kyotaro@lab.ntt.co.jp> wrote in
<20171211.200753.191768178.horiguchi.kyotaro@lab.ntt.co.jp>
> > The attached PoC patch theoretically has no impact on the normal
> > code paths and just brings gain in async cases.
> 
> The parallel append just committed hit this and the attached are
> the rebased version to the current HEAD. The result of a concise
> performance test follows.
> 
>                            patched(ms)  unpatched(ms)   gain(%)
> A: simple table scan     :  3562.32      3444.81        -3.4
> B: local partitioning    :  1451.25      1604.38         9.5
> C: single remote table   :  8818.92      9297.76         5.1
> D: sharding (single con) :  5966.14      6646.73        10.2
> E: sharding (multi con)  :  1802.25      6515.49        72.3
> 
> > A and B are degradation checks, which are expected to show no
> > degradation.  C is the gain only by postgres_fdw's command
> > presending on a remote table.  D is the gain of sharding on a
> > connection. The number of partitions/shards is 4.  E is the gain
> > using dedicate connection per shard.
> 
> Test A is accelerated by parallel sequential scan. Introducing
> parallel append accelerates test B. Comparing A and B, I doubt
> that degradation is stably measurable at least my environment but
> I believe that there's no degradation theoreticaly. The test C to
> E still shows apparent gain.
> regards,

The patch conflicts with 3cac0ec. This is the rebased version.

-- 
Kyotaro Horiguchi
NTT Open Source Software Center
From be22b33b90abec93a2a609a1db4955e6910b2da0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kyotaro Horiguchi <horiguchi.kyotaro@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Date: Mon, 22 May 2017 12:42:58 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 1/3] Allow wait event set to be registered to resource owner

WaitEventSet needs to be released using resource owner for a certain
case. This change adds WaitEventSet reowner and allow the creator of a
WaitEventSet to specify a resource owner.
---
 src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c                    |  2 +-
 src/backend/storage/ipc/latch.c               | 18 ++++++-
 src/backend/storage/lmgr/condition_variable.c |  2 +-
 src/backend/utils/resowner/resowner.c         | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/include/storage/latch.h                   |  4 +-
 src/include/utils/resowner_private.h          |  8 ++++
 6 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c b/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
index a4f6d4d..890972b 100644
--- a/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
+++ b/src/backend/libpq/pqcomm.c
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ pq_init(void)
                 (errmsg("could not set socket to nonblocking mode: %m")));
 #endif
 
-    FeBeWaitSet = CreateWaitEventSet(TopMemoryContext, 3);
+    FeBeWaitSet = CreateWaitEventSet(TopMemoryContext, NULL, 3);
     AddWaitEventToSet(FeBeWaitSet, WL_SOCKET_WRITEABLE, MyProcPort->sock,
                       NULL, NULL);
     AddWaitEventToSet(FeBeWaitSet, WL_LATCH_SET, -1, MyLatch, NULL);
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/ipc/latch.c b/src/backend/storage/ipc/latch.c
index e6706f7..5457899 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/ipc/latch.c
+++ b/src/backend/storage/ipc/latch.c
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 #include "storage/latch.h"
 #include "storage/pmsignal.h"
 #include "storage/shmem.h"
+#include "utils/resowner_private.h"
 
 /*
  * Select the fd readiness primitive to use. Normally the "most modern"
@@ -77,6 +78,8 @@ struct WaitEventSet
     int            nevents;        /* number of registered events */
     int            nevents_space;    /* maximum number of events in this set */
 
+    ResourceOwner    resowner;    /* Resource owner */
+
     /*
      * Array, of nevents_space length, storing the definition of events this
      * set is waiting for.
@@ -359,7 +362,7 @@ WaitLatchOrSocket(volatile Latch *latch, int wakeEvents, pgsocket sock,
     int            ret = 0;
     int            rc;
     WaitEvent    event;
-    WaitEventSet *set = CreateWaitEventSet(CurrentMemoryContext, 3);
+    WaitEventSet *set = CreateWaitEventSet(CurrentMemoryContext, NULL, 3);
 
     if (wakeEvents & WL_TIMEOUT)
         Assert(timeout >= 0);
@@ -517,12 +520,15 @@ ResetLatch(volatile Latch *latch)
  * WaitEventSetWait().
  */
 WaitEventSet *
-CreateWaitEventSet(MemoryContext context, int nevents)
+CreateWaitEventSet(MemoryContext context, ResourceOwner res, int nevents)
 {
     WaitEventSet *set;
     char       *data;
     Size        sz = 0;
 
+    if (res)
+        ResourceOwnerEnlargeWESs(res);
+
     /*
      * Use MAXALIGN size/alignment to guarantee that later uses of memory are
      * aligned correctly. E.g. epoll_event might need 8 byte alignment on some
@@ -591,6 +597,11 @@ CreateWaitEventSet(MemoryContext context, int nevents)
     StaticAssertStmt(WSA_INVALID_EVENT == NULL, "");
 #endif
 
+    /* Register this wait event set if requested */
+    set->resowner = res;
+    if (res)
+        ResourceOwnerRememberWES(set->resowner, set);
+
     return set;
 }
 
@@ -632,6 +643,9 @@ FreeWaitEventSet(WaitEventSet *set)
     }
 #endif
 
+    if (set->resowner != NULL)
+        ResourceOwnerForgetWES(set->resowner, set);
+
     pfree(set);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/lmgr/condition_variable.c b/src/backend/storage/lmgr/condition_variable.c
index ef1d5ba..30edc8e 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/lmgr/condition_variable.c
+++ b/src/backend/storage/lmgr/condition_variable.c
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ ConditionVariablePrepareToSleep(ConditionVariable *cv)
     {
         WaitEventSet *new_event_set;
 
-        new_event_set = CreateWaitEventSet(TopMemoryContext, 2);
+        new_event_set = CreateWaitEventSet(TopMemoryContext, NULL, 2);
         AddWaitEventToSet(new_event_set, WL_LATCH_SET, PGINVALID_SOCKET,
                           MyLatch, NULL);
         AddWaitEventToSet(new_event_set, WL_POSTMASTER_DEATH, PGINVALID_SOCKET,
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/resowner/resowner.c b/src/backend/utils/resowner/resowner.c
index e09a4f1..7ae8777 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/resowner/resowner.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/resowner/resowner.c
@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ typedef struct ResourceOwnerData
     ResourceArray snapshotarr;    /* snapshot references */
     ResourceArray filearr;        /* open temporary files */
     ResourceArray dsmarr;        /* dynamic shmem segments */
+    ResourceArray wesarr;        /* wait event sets */
 
     /* We can remember up to MAX_RESOWNER_LOCKS references to local locks. */
     int            nlocks;            /* number of owned locks */
@@ -169,6 +170,7 @@ static void PrintTupleDescLeakWarning(TupleDesc tupdesc);
 static void PrintSnapshotLeakWarning(Snapshot snapshot);
 static void PrintFileLeakWarning(File file);
 static void PrintDSMLeakWarning(dsm_segment *seg);
+static void PrintWESLeakWarning(WaitEventSet *events);
 
 
 /*****************************************************************************
@@ -437,6 +439,7 @@ ResourceOwnerCreate(ResourceOwner parent, const char *name)
     ResourceArrayInit(&(owner->snapshotarr), PointerGetDatum(NULL));
     ResourceArrayInit(&(owner->filearr), FileGetDatum(-1));
     ResourceArrayInit(&(owner->dsmarr), PointerGetDatum(NULL));
+    ResourceArrayInit(&(owner->wesarr), PointerGetDatum(NULL));
 
     return owner;
 }
@@ -538,6 +541,16 @@ ResourceOwnerReleaseInternal(ResourceOwner owner,
                 PrintDSMLeakWarning(res);
             dsm_detach(res);
         }
+
+        /* Ditto for wait event sets */
+        while (ResourceArrayGetAny(&(owner->wesarr), &foundres))
+        {
+            WaitEventSet *event = (WaitEventSet *) DatumGetPointer(foundres);
+
+            if (isCommit)
+                PrintWESLeakWarning(event);
+            FreeWaitEventSet(event);
+        }
     }
     else if (phase == RESOURCE_RELEASE_LOCKS)
     {
@@ -685,6 +698,7 @@ ResourceOwnerDelete(ResourceOwner owner)
     Assert(owner->snapshotarr.nitems == 0);
     Assert(owner->filearr.nitems == 0);
     Assert(owner->dsmarr.nitems == 0);
+    Assert(owner->wesarr.nitems == 0);
     Assert(owner->nlocks == 0 || owner->nlocks == MAX_RESOWNER_LOCKS + 1);
 
     /*
@@ -711,6 +725,7 @@ ResourceOwnerDelete(ResourceOwner owner)
     ResourceArrayFree(&(owner->snapshotarr));
     ResourceArrayFree(&(owner->filearr));
     ResourceArrayFree(&(owner->dsmarr));
+    ResourceArrayFree(&(owner->wesarr));
 
     pfree(owner);
 }
@@ -1253,3 +1268,56 @@ PrintDSMLeakWarning(dsm_segment *seg)
     elog(WARNING, "dynamic shared memory leak: segment %u still referenced",
          dsm_segment_handle(seg));
 }
+
+/*
+ * Make sure there is room for at least one more entry in a ResourceOwner's
+ * wait event set reference array.
+ *
+ * This is separate from actually inserting an entry because if we run out
+ * of memory, it's critical to do so *before* acquiring the resource.
+ */
+void
+ResourceOwnerEnlargeWESs(ResourceOwner owner)
+{
+    ResourceArrayEnlarge(&(owner->wesarr));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remember that a wait event set is owned by a ResourceOwner
+ *
+ * Caller must have previously done ResourceOwnerEnlargeWESs()
+ */
+void
+ResourceOwnerRememberWES(ResourceOwner owner, WaitEventSet *events)
+{
+    ResourceArrayAdd(&(owner->wesarr), PointerGetDatum(events));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Forget that a wait event set is owned by a ResourceOwner
+ */
+void
+ResourceOwnerForgetWES(ResourceOwner owner, WaitEventSet *events)
+{
+    /*
+     * XXXX: There's no property to show as an identier of a wait event set,
+     * use its pointer instead.
+     */
+    if (!ResourceArrayRemove(&(owner->wesarr), PointerGetDatum(events)))
+        elog(ERROR, "wait event set %p is not owned by resource owner %s",
+             events, owner->name);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Debugging subroutine
+ */
+static void
+PrintWESLeakWarning(WaitEventSet *events)
+{
+    /*
+     * XXXX: There's no property to show as an identier of a wait event set,
+     * use its pointer instead.
+     */
+    elog(WARNING, "wait event set leak: %p still referenced",
+         events);
+}
diff --git a/src/include/storage/latch.h b/src/include/storage/latch.h
index a4bcb48..838845a 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/latch.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/latch.h
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@
 #define LATCH_H
 
 #include <signal.h>
+#include "utils/resowner.h"
 
 /*
  * Latch structure should be treated as opaque and only accessed through
@@ -162,7 +163,8 @@ extern void DisownLatch(volatile Latch *latch);
 extern void SetLatch(volatile Latch *latch);
 extern void ResetLatch(volatile Latch *latch);
 
-extern WaitEventSet *CreateWaitEventSet(MemoryContext context, int nevents);
+extern WaitEventSet *CreateWaitEventSet(MemoryContext context,
+                                        ResourceOwner res, int nevents);
 extern void FreeWaitEventSet(WaitEventSet *set);
 extern int AddWaitEventToSet(WaitEventSet *set, uint32 events, pgsocket fd,
                   Latch *latch, void *user_data);
diff --git a/src/include/utils/resowner_private.h b/src/include/utils/resowner_private.h
index 22b377c..56f2059 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/resowner_private.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/resowner_private.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "storage/dsm.h"
 #include "storage/fd.h"
+#include "storage/latch.h"
 #include "storage/lock.h"
 #include "utils/catcache.h"
 #include "utils/plancache.h"
@@ -88,4 +89,11 @@ extern void ResourceOwnerRememberDSM(ResourceOwner owner,
 extern void ResourceOwnerForgetDSM(ResourceOwner owner,
                        dsm_segment *);
 
+/* support for wait event set management */
+extern void ResourceOwnerEnlargeWESs(ResourceOwner owner);
+extern void ResourceOwnerRememberWES(ResourceOwner owner,
+                         WaitEventSet *);
+extern void ResourceOwnerForgetWES(ResourceOwner owner,
+                       WaitEventSet *);
+
 #endif                            /* RESOWNER_PRIVATE_H */
-- 
2.9.2

From 885f62d89a93edbda44330c3ecc3a7ac08e302ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kyotaro Horiguchi <horiguchi.kyotaro@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2017 17:23:51 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] core side modification

---
 src/backend/executor/Makefile           |   2 +-
 src/backend/executor/execAsync.c        | 110 ++++++++++++++
 src/backend/executor/nodeAppend.c       | 247 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 src/backend/executor/nodeForeignscan.c  |  22 ++-
 src/backend/optimizer/plan/createplan.c |  62 +++++++-
 src/backend/postmaster/pgstat.c         |   3 +
 src/include/executor/execAsync.h        |  23 +++
 src/include/executor/executor.h         |   1 +
 src/include/executor/nodeForeignscan.h  |   3 +
 src/include/foreign/fdwapi.h            |  11 ++
 src/include/nodes/execnodes.h           |  18 ++-
 src/include/nodes/plannodes.h           |   2 +
 src/include/pgstat.h                    |   3 +-
 13 files changed, 462 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/backend/executor/execAsync.c
 create mode 100644 src/include/executor/execAsync.h

diff --git a/src/backend/executor/Makefile b/src/backend/executor/Makefile
index cc09895..8ad2adf 100644
--- a/src/backend/executor/Makefile
+++ b/src/backend/executor/Makefile
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ subdir = src/backend/executor
 top_builddir = ../../..
 include $(top_builddir)/src/Makefile.global
 
-OBJS = execAmi.o execCurrent.o execExpr.o execExprInterp.o \
+OBJS = execAmi.o execAsync.o execCurrent.o execExpr.o execExprInterp.o \
        execGrouping.o execIndexing.o execJunk.o \
        execMain.o execParallel.o execPartition.o execProcnode.o \
        execReplication.o execScan.o execSRF.o execTuples.o \
diff --git a/src/backend/executor/execAsync.c b/src/backend/executor/execAsync.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7daed7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/backend/executor/execAsync.c
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * execAsync.c
+ *      Support routines for asynchronous execution.
+ *
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2017, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
+ *
+ * IDENTIFICATION
+ *      src/backend/executor/execAsync.c
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include "executor/execAsync.h"
+#include "executor/nodeAppend.h"
+#include "executor/nodeForeignscan.h"
+#include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "pgstat.h"
+#include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/resowner.h"
+
+void ExecAsyncSetState(PlanState *pstate, AsyncState status)
+{
+    pstate->asyncstate = status;
+}
+
+bool
+ExecAsyncConfigureWait(WaitEventSet *wes, PlanState *node,
+                       void *data, bool reinit)
+{
+    switch (nodeTag(node))
+    {
+    case T_ForeignScanState:
+        return ExecForeignAsyncConfigureWait((ForeignScanState *)node,
+                                             wes, data, reinit);
+        break;
+    default:
+            elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d",
+                (int) nodeTag(node));
+    }
+}
+
+#define EVENT_BUFFER_SIZE 16
+
+Bitmapset *
+ExecAsyncEventWait(PlanState **nodes, Bitmapset *waitnodes, long timeout)
+{
+    static int *refind = NULL;
+    static int refindsize = 0;
+    WaitEventSet *wes;
+    WaitEvent   occurred_event[EVENT_BUFFER_SIZE];
+    int noccurred = 0;
+    Bitmapset *fired_events = NULL;
+    int i;
+    int n;
+
+    n = bms_num_members(waitnodes);
+    wes = CreateWaitEventSet(TopTransactionContext,
+                             TopTransactionResourceOwner, n);
+    if (refindsize < n)
+    {
+        if (refindsize == 0)
+            refindsize = EVENT_BUFFER_SIZE; /* XXX */
+        while (refindsize < n)
+            refindsize *= 2;
+        if (refind)
+            refind = (int *) repalloc(refind, refindsize * sizeof(int));
+        else
+            refind = (int *) palloc(refindsize * sizeof(int));
+    }
+
+    n = 0;
+    for (i = bms_next_member(waitnodes, -1) ; i >= 0 ;
+         i = bms_next_member(waitnodes, i))
+    {
+        refind[i] = i;
+        if (ExecAsyncConfigureWait(wes, nodes[i], refind + i, true))
+            n++;
+    }
+
+    if (n == 0)
+    {
+        FreeWaitEventSet(wes);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    noccurred = WaitEventSetWait(wes, timeout, occurred_event,
+                                 EVENT_BUFFER_SIZE,
+                                 WAIT_EVENT_ASYNC_WAIT);
+    FreeWaitEventSet(wes);
+    if (noccurred == 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    for (i = 0 ; i < noccurred ; i++)
+    {
+        WaitEvent *w = &occurred_event[i];
+
+        if ((w->events & (WL_SOCKET_READABLE | WL_SOCKET_WRITEABLE)) != 0)
+        {
+            int n = *(int*)w->user_data;
+
+            fired_events = bms_add_member(fired_events, n);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return fired_events;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/executor/nodeAppend.c b/src/backend/executor/nodeAppend.c
index 64a17fb..644af5b 100644
--- a/src/backend/executor/nodeAppend.c
+++ b/src/backend/executor/nodeAppend.c
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@
 
 #include "executor/execdebug.h"
 #include "executor/nodeAppend.h"
+#include "executor/execAsync.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
 
 /* Shared state for parallel-aware Append. */
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@ struct ParallelAppendState
 #define INVALID_SUBPLAN_INDEX        -1
 
 static TupleTableSlot *ExecAppend(PlanState *pstate);
+static TupleTableSlot *ExecAppendAsync(PlanState *pstate);
 static bool choose_next_subplan_locally(AppendState *node);
 static bool choose_next_subplan_for_leader(AppendState *node);
 static bool choose_next_subplan_for_worker(AppendState *node);
@@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ ExecInitAppend(Append *node, EState *estate, int eflags)
     ListCell   *lc;
 
     /* check for unsupported flags */
-    Assert(!(eflags & EXEC_FLAG_MARK));
+    Assert(!(eflags & (EXEC_FLAG_MARK | EXEC_FLAG_ASYNC)));
 
     /*
      * Lock the non-leaf tables in the partition tree controlled by this node.
@@ -127,6 +129,19 @@ ExecInitAppend(Append *node, EState *estate, int eflags)
     appendstate->ps.ExecProcNode = ExecAppend;
     appendstate->appendplans = appendplanstates;
     appendstate->as_nplans = nplans;
+    appendstate->as_nasyncplans = node->nasyncplans;
+    appendstate->as_syncdone = (node->nasyncplans == nplans);
+    appendstate->as_asyncresult = (TupleTableSlot **)
+        palloc0(node->nasyncplans * sizeof(TupleTableSlot *));
+
+    /* Choose async version of Exec function */
+    if (appendstate->as_nasyncplans > 0)
+        appendstate->ps.ExecProcNode = ExecAppendAsync;
+
+    /* initially, all async requests need a request */
+    for (i = 0; i < appendstate->as_nasyncplans; ++i)
+        appendstate->as_needrequest =
+            bms_add_member(appendstate->as_needrequest, i);
 
     /*
      * Miscellaneous initialization
@@ -149,27 +164,48 @@ ExecInitAppend(Append *node, EState *estate, int eflags)
     foreach(lc, node->appendplans)
     {
         Plan       *initNode = (Plan *) lfirst(lc);
+        int            sub_eflags = eflags;
+
+        if (i < appendstate->as_nasyncplans)
+            sub_eflags |= EXEC_FLAG_ASYNC;
 
-        appendplanstates[i] = ExecInitNode(initNode, estate, eflags);
+        appendplanstates[i] = ExecInitNode(initNode, estate, sub_eflags);
         i++;
     }
 
+    /* if there's any async-capable subnode, use async-aware routine */
+    if (appendstate->as_nasyncplans)
+        appendstate->ps.ExecProcNode = ExecAppendAsync;
+
     /*
      * initialize output tuple type
      */
     ExecAssignResultTypeFromTL(&appendstate->ps);
     appendstate->ps.ps_ProjInfo = NULL;
 
-    /*
-     * Parallel-aware append plans must choose the first subplan to execute by
-     * looking at shared memory, but non-parallel-aware append plans can
-     * always start with the first subplan.
-     */
-    appendstate->as_whichplan =
-        appendstate->ps.plan->parallel_aware ? INVALID_SUBPLAN_INDEX : 0;
+    if (appendstate->ps.plan->parallel_aware)
+    {
+        /*
+         * Parallel-aware append plans must choose the first subplan to
+         * execute by looking at shared memory, but non-parallel-aware append
+         * plans can always start with the first subplan.
+         */
 
-    /* If parallel-aware, this will be overridden later. */
-    appendstate->choose_next_subplan = choose_next_subplan_locally;
+        appendstate->as_whichsyncplan = INVALID_SUBPLAN_INDEX;
+
+        /* If parallel-aware, this will be overridden later. */
+        appendstate->choose_next_subplan = choose_next_subplan_locally;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        appendstate->as_whichsyncplan = 0;
+
+        /*
+         * initialize to scan first synchronous subplan
+         */
+        appendstate->as_whichsyncplan = appendstate->as_nasyncplans;
+        appendstate->choose_next_subplan = choose_next_subplan_locally;
+    }
 
     return appendstate;
 }
@@ -186,10 +222,12 @@ ExecAppend(PlanState *pstate)
     AppendState *node = castNode(AppendState, pstate);
 
     /* If no subplan has been chosen, we must choose one before proceeding. */
-    if (node->as_whichplan == INVALID_SUBPLAN_INDEX &&
+    if (node->as_whichsyncplan == INVALID_SUBPLAN_INDEX &&
         !node->choose_next_subplan(node))
         return ExecClearTuple(node->ps.ps_ResultTupleSlot);
 
+    Assert(node->as_nasyncplans == 0);
+
     for (;;)
     {
         PlanState  *subnode;
@@ -200,8 +238,9 @@ ExecAppend(PlanState *pstate)
         /*
          * figure out which subplan we are currently processing
          */
-        Assert(node->as_whichplan >= 0 && node->as_whichplan < node->as_nplans);
-        subnode = node->appendplans[node->as_whichplan];
+        Assert(node->as_whichsyncplan >= 0 &&
+               node->as_whichsyncplan < node->as_nplans);
+        subnode = node->appendplans[node->as_whichsyncplan];
 
         /*
          * get a tuple from the subplan
@@ -224,6 +263,137 @@ ExecAppend(PlanState *pstate)
     }
 }
 
+static TupleTableSlot *
+ExecAppendAsync(PlanState *pstate)
+{
+    AppendState *node = castNode(AppendState, pstate);
+    Bitmapset *needrequest;
+    int    i;
+
+    Assert(node->as_nasyncplans > 0);
+
+    if (node->as_nasyncresult > 0)
+    {
+        --node->as_nasyncresult;
+        return node->as_asyncresult[node->as_nasyncresult];
+    }
+
+    needrequest = node->as_needrequest;
+    node->as_needrequest = NULL;
+    while ((i = bms_first_member(needrequest)) >= 0)
+    {
+        TupleTableSlot *slot;
+        PlanState *subnode = node->appendplans[i];
+
+        slot = ExecProcNode(subnode);
+        if (subnode->asyncstate == AS_AVAILABLE)
+        {
+            if (!TupIsNull(slot))
+            {
+                node->as_asyncresult[node->as_nasyncresult++] = slot;
+                node->as_needrequest = bms_add_member(node->as_needrequest, i);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+            node->as_pending_async = bms_add_member(node->as_pending_async, i);
+    }
+    bms_free(needrequest);
+
+    for (;;)
+    {
+        TupleTableSlot *result;
+
+        /* return now if a result is available */
+        if (node->as_nasyncresult > 0)
+        {
+            --node->as_nasyncresult;
+            return node->as_asyncresult[node->as_nasyncresult];
+        }
+
+        while (!bms_is_empty(node->as_pending_async))
+        {
+            long timeout = node->as_syncdone ? -1 : 0;
+            Bitmapset *fired;
+            int i;
+
+            fired = ExecAsyncEventWait(node->appendplans, node->as_pending_async,
+                                       timeout);
+            while ((i = bms_first_member(fired)) >= 0)
+            {
+                TupleTableSlot *slot;
+                PlanState *subnode = node->appendplans[i];
+                slot = ExecProcNode(subnode);
+                if (subnode->asyncstate == AS_AVAILABLE)
+                {
+                    if (!TupIsNull(slot))
+                    {
+                        node->as_asyncresult[node->as_nasyncresult++] = slot;
+                        node->as_needrequest =
+                            bms_add_member(node->as_needrequest, i);
+                    }
+                    node->as_pending_async =
+                        bms_del_member(node->as_pending_async, i);
+                }
+            }
+            bms_free(fired);
+
+            /* return now if a result is available */
+            if (node->as_nasyncresult > 0)
+            {
+                --node->as_nasyncresult;
+                return node->as_asyncresult[node->as_nasyncresult];
+            }
+
+            if (!node->as_syncdone)
+                break;
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * If there is no asynchronous activity still pending and the
+         * synchronous activity is also complete, we're totally done scanning
+         * this node.  Otherwise, we're done with the asynchronous stuff but
+         * must continue scanning the synchronous children.
+         */
+        if (node->as_syncdone)
+        {
+            Assert(bms_is_empty(node->as_pending_async));
+            return ExecClearTuple(node->ps.ps_ResultTupleSlot);
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * get a tuple from the subplan
+         */
+        result = ExecProcNode(node->appendplans[node->as_whichsyncplan]);
+
+        if (!TupIsNull(result))
+        {
+            /*
+             * If the subplan gave us something then return it as-is. We do
+             * NOT make use of the result slot that was set up in
+             * ExecInitAppend; there's no need for it.
+             */
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * Go on to the "next" subplan in the appropriate direction. If no
+         * more subplans, return the empty slot set up for us by
+         * ExecInitAppend, unless there are async plans we have yet to finish.
+         */
+        if (!node->choose_next_subplan(node))
+        {
+            node->as_syncdone = true;
+            if (bms_is_empty(node->as_pending_async))
+            {
+                Assert(bms_is_empty(node->as_needrequest));
+                return ExecClearTuple(node->ps.ps_ResultTupleSlot);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Else loop back and try to get a tuple from the new subplan */
+    }
+}
+
 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------
  *        ExecEndAppend
  *
@@ -257,6 +427,15 @@ ExecReScanAppend(AppendState *node)
 {
     int            i;
 
+    /* Reset async state. */
+    for (i = 0; i < node->as_nasyncplans; ++i)
+    {
+        ExecShutdownNode(node->appendplans[i]);
+        node->as_needrequest = bms_add_member(node->as_needrequest, i);
+    }
+    node->as_nasyncresult = 0;
+    node->as_syncdone = (node->as_nasyncplans == node->as_nplans);
+
     for (i = 0; i < node->as_nplans; i++)
     {
         PlanState  *subnode = node->appendplans[i];
@@ -276,7 +455,7 @@ ExecReScanAppend(AppendState *node)
             ExecReScan(subnode);
     }
 
-    node->as_whichplan =
+    node->as_whichsyncplan =
         node->ps.plan->parallel_aware ? INVALID_SUBPLAN_INDEX : 0;
 }
 
@@ -365,7 +544,7 @@ ExecAppendInitializeWorker(AppendState *node, ParallelWorkerContext *pwcxt)
 static bool
 choose_next_subplan_locally(AppendState *node)
 {
-    int            whichplan = node->as_whichplan;
+    int            whichplan = node->as_whichsyncplan;
 
     /* We should never see INVALID_SUBPLAN_INDEX in this case. */
     Assert(whichplan >= 0 && whichplan <= node->as_nplans);
@@ -374,13 +553,13 @@ choose_next_subplan_locally(AppendState *node)
     {
         if (whichplan >= node->as_nplans - 1)
             return false;
-        node->as_whichplan++;
+        node->as_whichsyncplan++;
     }
     else
     {
         if (whichplan <= 0)
             return false;
-        node->as_whichplan--;
+        node->as_whichsyncplan--;
     }
 
     return true;
@@ -405,33 +584,33 @@ choose_next_subplan_for_leader(AppendState *node)
 
     LWLockAcquire(&pstate->pa_lock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
-    if (node->as_whichplan != INVALID_SUBPLAN_INDEX)
+    if (node->as_whichsyncplan != INVALID_SUBPLAN_INDEX)
     {
         /* Mark just-completed subplan as finished. */
-        node->as_pstate->pa_finished[node->as_whichplan] = true;
+        node->as_pstate->pa_finished[node->as_whichsyncplan] = true;
     }
     else
     {
         /* Start with last subplan. */
-        node->as_whichplan = node->as_nplans - 1;
+        node->as_whichsyncplan = node->as_nplans - 1;
     }
 
     /* Loop until we find a subplan to execute. */
-    while (pstate->pa_finished[node->as_whichplan])
+    while (pstate->pa_finished[node->as_whichsyncplan])
     {
-        if (node->as_whichplan == 0)
+        if (node->as_whichsyncplan == 0)
         {
             pstate->pa_next_plan = INVALID_SUBPLAN_INDEX;
-            node->as_whichplan = INVALID_SUBPLAN_INDEX;
+            node->as_whichsyncplan = INVALID_SUBPLAN_INDEX;
             LWLockRelease(&pstate->pa_lock);
             return false;
         }
-        node->as_whichplan--;
+        node->as_whichsyncplan--;
     }
 
     /* If non-partial, immediately mark as finished. */
-    if (node->as_whichplan < append->first_partial_plan)
-        node->as_pstate->pa_finished[node->as_whichplan] = true;
+    if (node->as_whichsyncplan < append->first_partial_plan)
+        node->as_pstate->pa_finished[node->as_whichsyncplan] = true;
 
     LWLockRelease(&pstate->pa_lock);
 
@@ -463,8 +642,8 @@ choose_next_subplan_for_worker(AppendState *node)
     LWLockAcquire(&pstate->pa_lock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
     /* Mark just-completed subplan as finished. */
-    if (node->as_whichplan != INVALID_SUBPLAN_INDEX)
-        node->as_pstate->pa_finished[node->as_whichplan] = true;
+    if (node->as_whichsyncplan != INVALID_SUBPLAN_INDEX)
+        node->as_pstate->pa_finished[node->as_whichsyncplan] = true;
 
     /* If all the plans are already done, we have nothing to do */
     if (pstate->pa_next_plan == INVALID_SUBPLAN_INDEX)
@@ -489,10 +668,10 @@ choose_next_subplan_for_worker(AppendState *node)
         else
         {
             /* At last plan, no partial plans, arrange to bail out. */
-            pstate->pa_next_plan = node->as_whichplan;
+            pstate->pa_next_plan = node->as_whichsyncplan;
         }
 
-        if (pstate->pa_next_plan == node->as_whichplan)
+        if (pstate->pa_next_plan == node->as_whichsyncplan)
         {
             /* We've tried everything! */
             pstate->pa_next_plan = INVALID_SUBPLAN_INDEX;
@@ -502,7 +681,7 @@ choose_next_subplan_for_worker(AppendState *node)
     }
 
     /* Pick the plan we found, and advance pa_next_plan one more time. */
-    node->as_whichplan = pstate->pa_next_plan++;
+    node->as_whichsyncplan = pstate->pa_next_plan++;
     if (pstate->pa_next_plan >= node->as_nplans)
     {
         if (append->first_partial_plan < node->as_nplans)
@@ -518,8 +697,8 @@ choose_next_subplan_for_worker(AppendState *node)
     }
 
     /* If non-partial, immediately mark as finished. */
-    if (node->as_whichplan < append->first_partial_plan)
-        node->as_pstate->pa_finished[node->as_whichplan] = true;
+    if (node->as_whichsyncplan < append->first_partial_plan)
+        node->as_pstate->pa_finished[node->as_whichsyncplan] = true;
 
     LWLockRelease(&pstate->pa_lock);
 
diff --git a/src/backend/executor/nodeForeignscan.c b/src/backend/executor/nodeForeignscan.c
index 59865f5..9cb5470 100644
--- a/src/backend/executor/nodeForeignscan.c
+++ b/src/backend/executor/nodeForeignscan.c
@@ -123,7 +123,6 @@ ExecForeignScan(PlanState *pstate)
                     (ExecScanRecheckMtd) ForeignRecheck);
 }
 
-
 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------
  *        ExecInitForeignScan
  * ----------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -147,6 +146,10 @@ ExecInitForeignScan(ForeignScan *node, EState *estate, int eflags)
     scanstate->ss.ps.plan = (Plan *) node;
     scanstate->ss.ps.state = estate;
     scanstate->ss.ps.ExecProcNode = ExecForeignScan;
+    scanstate->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
+
+    if ((eflags & EXEC_FLAG_ASYNC) != 0)
+        scanstate->fs_async = true;
 
     /*
      * Miscellaneous initialization
@@ -389,3 +392,20 @@ ExecShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
     if (fdwroutine->ShutdownForeignScan)
         fdwroutine->ShutdownForeignScan(node);
 }
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
+ *        ExecAsyncForeignScanConfigureWait
+ *
+ *        In async mode, configure for a wait
+ * ----------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+bool
+ExecForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node, WaitEventSet *wes,
+                              void *caller_data, bool reinit)
+{
+    FdwRoutine *fdwroutine = node->fdwroutine;
+
+    Assert(fdwroutine->ForeignAsyncConfigureWait != NULL);
+    return fdwroutine->ForeignAsyncConfigureWait(node, wes,
+                                                 caller_data, reinit);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/optimizer/plan/createplan.c b/src/backend/optimizer/plan/createplan.c
index e599283..d85cb9c 100644
--- a/src/backend/optimizer/plan/createplan.c
+++ b/src/backend/optimizer/plan/createplan.c
@@ -204,7 +204,8 @@ static NamedTuplestoreScan *make_namedtuplestorescan(List *qptlist, List *qpqual
 static WorkTableScan *make_worktablescan(List *qptlist, List *qpqual,
                    Index scanrelid, int wtParam);
 static Append *make_append(List *appendplans, int first_partial_plan,
-            List *tlist, List *partitioned_rels);
+                           int nasyncplans,    int referent,
+                           List *tlist, List *partitioned_rels);
 static RecursiveUnion *make_recursive_union(List *tlist,
                      Plan *lefttree,
                      Plan *righttree,
@@ -284,6 +285,7 @@ static ModifyTable *make_modifytable(PlannerInfo *root,
                  List *rowMarks, OnConflictExpr *onconflict, int epqParam);
 static GatherMerge *create_gather_merge_plan(PlannerInfo *root,
                          GatherMergePath *best_path);
+static bool is_async_capable_path(Path *path);
 
 
 /*
@@ -1014,8 +1016,12 @@ create_append_plan(PlannerInfo *root, AppendPath *best_path)
 {
     Append       *plan;
     List       *tlist = build_path_tlist(root, &best_path->path);
-    List       *subplans = NIL;
+    List       *asyncplans = NIL;
+    List       *syncplans = NIL;
     ListCell   *subpaths;
+    int            nasyncplans = 0;
+    bool        first = true;
+    bool        referent_is_sync = true;
 
     /*
      * The subpaths list could be empty, if every child was proven empty by
@@ -1050,7 +1056,21 @@ create_append_plan(PlannerInfo *root, AppendPath *best_path)
         /* Must insist that all children return the same tlist */
         subplan = create_plan_recurse(root, subpath, CP_EXACT_TLIST);
 
-        subplans = lappend(subplans, subplan);
+        /*
+         * Classify as async-capable or not. If we have decided to run the
+         * chidlren in parallel, we cannot any one of them run asynchronously.
+         */
+        if (!best_path->path.parallel_safe && is_async_capable_path(subpath))
+        {
+            asyncplans = lappend(asyncplans, subplan);
+            ++nasyncplans;
+            if (first)
+                referent_is_sync = false;
+        }
+        else
+            syncplans = lappend(syncplans, subplan);
+
+        first = false;
     }
 
     /*
@@ -1060,8 +1080,10 @@ create_append_plan(PlannerInfo *root, AppendPath *best_path)
      * parent-rel Vars it'll be asked to emit.
      */
 
-    plan = make_append(subplans, best_path->first_partial_path,
-                       tlist, best_path->partitioned_rels);
+    plan = make_append(list_concat(asyncplans, syncplans),
+                       best_path->first_partial_path, nasyncplans,
+                       referent_is_sync ? nasyncplans : 0, tlist,
+                       best_path->partitioned_rels);
 
     copy_generic_path_info(&plan->plan, (Path *) best_path);
 
@@ -5307,8 +5329,8 @@ make_foreignscan(List *qptlist,
 }
 
 static Append *
-make_append(List *appendplans, int first_partial_plan,
-            List *tlist, List *partitioned_rels)
+make_append(List *appendplans, int first_partial_plan, int nasyncplans,
+            int referent, List *tlist, List *partitioned_rels)
 {
     Append       *node = makeNode(Append);
     Plan       *plan = &node->plan;
@@ -5320,6 +5342,8 @@ make_append(List *appendplans, int first_partial_plan,
     node->partitioned_rels = partitioned_rels;
     node->appendplans = appendplans;
     node->first_partial_plan = first_partial_plan;
+    node->nasyncplans = nasyncplans;
+    node->referent = referent;
 
     return node;
 }
@@ -6656,3 +6680,27 @@ is_projection_capable_plan(Plan *plan)
     }
     return true;
 }
+
+/*
+ * is_projection_capable_path
+ *        Check whether a given Path node is async-capable.
+ */
+static bool
+is_async_capable_path(Path *path)
+{
+    switch (nodeTag(path))
+    {
+        case T_ForeignPath:
+            {
+                FdwRoutine *fdwroutine = path->parent->fdwroutine;
+
+                Assert(fdwroutine != NULL);
+                if (fdwroutine->IsForeignPathAsyncCapable != NULL &&
+                    fdwroutine->IsForeignPathAsyncCapable((ForeignPath *) path))
+                    return true;
+            }
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/pgstat.c b/src/backend/postmaster/pgstat.c
index d130114..667878b 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/pgstat.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/pgstat.c
@@ -3673,6 +3673,9 @@ pgstat_get_wait_ipc(WaitEventIPC w)
         case WAIT_EVENT_SYNC_REP:
             event_name = "SyncRep";
             break;
+        case WAIT_EVENT_ASYNC_WAIT:
+            event_name = "AsyncExecWait";
+            break;
             /* no default case, so that compiler will warn */
     }
 
diff --git a/src/include/executor/execAsync.h b/src/include/executor/execAsync.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fd67d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/include/executor/execAsync.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/*--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * execAsync.c
+ *        Support functions for asynchronous query execution
+ *
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2017, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
+ *
+ * IDENTIFICATION
+ *        src/backend/executor/execAsync.c
+ *--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+#ifndef EXECASYNC_H
+#define EXECASYNC_H
+
+#include "nodes/execnodes.h"
+#include "storage/latch.h"
+
+extern void ExecAsyncSetState(PlanState *pstate, AsyncState status);
+extern bool ExecAsyncConfigureWait(WaitEventSet *wes, PlanState *node,
+                                   void *data, bool reinit);
+extern Bitmapset *ExecAsyncEventWait(PlanState **nodes, Bitmapset *waitnodes,
+                                     long timeout);
+#endif   /* EXECASYNC_H */
diff --git a/src/include/executor/executor.h b/src/include/executor/executor.h
index 6545a80..60f4e51 100644
--- a/src/include/executor/executor.h
+++ b/src/include/executor/executor.h
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@
 #define EXEC_FLAG_WITH_OIDS        0x0020    /* force OIDs in returned tuples */
 #define EXEC_FLAG_WITHOUT_OIDS    0x0040    /* force no OIDs in returned tuples */
 #define EXEC_FLAG_WITH_NO_DATA    0x0080    /* rel scannability doesn't matter */
+#define EXEC_FLAG_ASYNC            0x0100    /* request async execution */
 
 
 /* Hook for plugins to get control in ExecutorStart() */
diff --git a/src/include/executor/nodeForeignscan.h b/src/include/executor/nodeForeignscan.h
index ccb66be..67abf8e 100644
--- a/src/include/executor/nodeForeignscan.h
+++ b/src/include/executor/nodeForeignscan.h
@@ -30,5 +30,8 @@ extern void ExecForeignScanReInitializeDSM(ForeignScanState *node,
 extern void ExecForeignScanInitializeWorker(ForeignScanState *node,
                                 ParallelWorkerContext *pwcxt);
 extern void ExecShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
+extern bool ExecForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node,
+                                          WaitEventSet *wes,
+                                          void *caller_data, bool reinit);
 
 #endif                            /* NODEFOREIGNSCAN_H */
diff --git a/src/include/foreign/fdwapi.h b/src/include/foreign/fdwapi.h
index e88fee3..beb3f0d 100644
--- a/src/include/foreign/fdwapi.h
+++ b/src/include/foreign/fdwapi.h
@@ -161,6 +161,11 @@ typedef bool (*IsForeignScanParallelSafe_function) (PlannerInfo *root,
 typedef List *(*ReparameterizeForeignPathByChild_function) (PlannerInfo *root,
                                                             List *fdw_private,
                                                             RelOptInfo *child_rel);
+typedef bool (*IsForeignPathAsyncCapable_function) (ForeignPath *path);
+typedef bool (*ForeignAsyncConfigureWait_function) (ForeignScanState *node,
+                                                    WaitEventSet *wes,
+                                                    void *caller_data,
+                                                    bool reinit);
 
 /*
  * FdwRoutine is the struct returned by a foreign-data wrapper's handler
@@ -182,6 +187,7 @@ typedef struct FdwRoutine
     GetForeignPlan_function GetForeignPlan;
     BeginForeignScan_function BeginForeignScan;
     IterateForeignScan_function IterateForeignScan;
+    IterateForeignScan_function IterateForeignScanAsync;
     ReScanForeignScan_function ReScanForeignScan;
     EndForeignScan_function EndForeignScan;
 
@@ -232,6 +238,11 @@ typedef struct FdwRoutine
     InitializeDSMForeignScan_function InitializeDSMForeignScan;
     ReInitializeDSMForeignScan_function ReInitializeDSMForeignScan;
     InitializeWorkerForeignScan_function InitializeWorkerForeignScan;
+
+    /* Support functions for asynchronous execution */
+    IsForeignPathAsyncCapable_function IsForeignPathAsyncCapable;
+    ForeignAsyncConfigureWait_function ForeignAsyncConfigureWait;
+
     ShutdownForeignScan_function ShutdownForeignScan;
 
     /* Support functions for path reparameterization. */
diff --git a/src/include/nodes/execnodes.h b/src/include/nodes/execnodes.h
index 4bb5cb1..405ad7b 100644
--- a/src/include/nodes/execnodes.h
+++ b/src/include/nodes/execnodes.h
@@ -851,6 +851,12 @@ typedef TupleTableSlot *(*ExecProcNodeMtd) (struct PlanState *pstate);
  * abstract superclass for all PlanState-type nodes.
  * ----------------
  */
+typedef enum AsyncState
+{
+    AS_AVAILABLE,
+    AS_WAITING
+} AsyncState;
+
 typedef struct PlanState
 {
     NodeTag        type;
@@ -891,6 +897,9 @@ typedef struct PlanState
     TupleTableSlot *ps_ResultTupleSlot; /* slot for my result tuples */
     ExprContext *ps_ExprContext;    /* node's expression-evaluation context */
     ProjectionInfo *ps_ProjInfo;    /* info for doing tuple projection */
+
+    AsyncState    asyncstate;
+    int32        padding;            /* to keep alignment of derived types */
 } PlanState;
 
 /* ----------------
@@ -1013,10 +1022,16 @@ struct AppendState
     PlanState    ps;                /* its first field is NodeTag */
     PlanState **appendplans;    /* array of PlanStates for my inputs */
     int            as_nplans;
-    int            as_whichplan;
+    int            as_nasyncplans;    /* # of async-capable children */
     ParallelAppendState *as_pstate; /* parallel coordination info */
+    int            as_whichsyncplan; /* which sync plan is being executed  */
     Size        pstate_len;        /* size of parallel coordination info */
     bool        (*choose_next_subplan) (AppendState *);
+    bool        as_syncdone;    /* all synchronous plans done? */
+    Bitmapset  *as_needrequest;    /* async plans needing a new request */
+    Bitmapset  *as_pending_async;    /* pending async plans */
+    TupleTableSlot **as_asyncresult;    /* unreturned results of async plans */
+    int            as_nasyncresult;    /* # of valid entries in as_asyncresult */
 };
 
 /* ----------------
@@ -1567,6 +1582,7 @@ typedef struct ForeignScanState
     Size        pscan_len;        /* size of parallel coordination information */
     /* use struct pointer to avoid including fdwapi.h here */
     struct FdwRoutine *fdwroutine;
+    bool        fs_async;
     void       *fdw_state;        /* foreign-data wrapper can keep state here */
 } ForeignScanState;
 
diff --git a/src/include/nodes/plannodes.h b/src/include/nodes/plannodes.h
index 74e9fb5..b4535f0 100644
--- a/src/include/nodes/plannodes.h
+++ b/src/include/nodes/plannodes.h
@@ -249,6 +249,8 @@ typedef struct Append
     List       *partitioned_rels;
     List       *appendplans;
     int            first_partial_plan;
+    int            nasyncplans;    /* # of async plans, always at start of list */
+    int            referent;         /* index of inheritance tree referent */
 } Append;
 
 /* ----------------
diff --git a/src/include/pgstat.h b/src/include/pgstat.h
index 3d3c0b6..a1ba26f 100644
--- a/src/include/pgstat.h
+++ b/src/include/pgstat.h
@@ -831,7 +831,8 @@ typedef enum
     WAIT_EVENT_REPLICATION_ORIGIN_DROP,
     WAIT_EVENT_REPLICATION_SLOT_DROP,
     WAIT_EVENT_SAFE_SNAPSHOT,
-    WAIT_EVENT_SYNC_REP
+    WAIT_EVENT_SYNC_REP,
+    WAIT_EVENT_ASYNC_WAIT
 } WaitEventIPC;
 
 /* ----------
-- 
2.9.2

From 6612fbe0cab492fedead1d35f1b9cdf24f3e6dd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kyotaro Horiguchi <horiguchi.kyotaro@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2017 17:24:07 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] async postgres_fdw

---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c              |  26 ++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out | 128 ++++---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c            | 484 +++++++++++++++++++++----
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h            |   2 +
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql      |  20 +-
 5 files changed, 522 insertions(+), 138 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 00c926b..4f3d59d 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ typedef struct ConnCacheEntry
     bool        invalidated;    /* true if reconnect is pending */
     uint32        server_hashvalue;    /* hash value of foreign server OID */
     uint32        mapping_hashvalue;    /* hash value of user mapping OID */
+    void        *storage;        /* connection specific storage */
 } ConnCacheEntry;
 
 /*
@@ -202,6 +203,7 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 
         elog(DEBUG3, "new postgres_fdw connection %p for server \"%s\" (user mapping oid %u, userid %u)",
              entry->conn, server->servername, user->umid, user->userid);
+        entry->storage = NULL;
     }
 
     /*
@@ -216,6 +218,30 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 }
 
 /*
+ * Rerturns the connection specific storage for this user. Allocate with
+ * initsize if not exists.
+ */
+void *
+GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize)
+{
+    bool        found;
+    ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+    ConnCacheKey key;
+
+    key = user->umid;
+    entry = hash_search(ConnectionHash, &key, HASH_ENTER, &found);
+    Assert(found);
+
+    if (entry->storage == NULL)
+    {
+        entry->storage = MemoryContextAlloc(CacheMemoryContext, initsize);
+        memset(entry->storage, 0, initsize);
+    }
+
+    return entry->storage;
+}
+
+/*
  * Connect to remote server using specified server and user mapping properties.
  */
 static PGconn *
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 683d641..3b4eefa 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -6514,7 +6514,7 @@ INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |  aa   
 ----------+-------
  a        | aaa
@@ -6542,7 +6542,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -6570,7 +6570,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -6598,7 +6598,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | newtoo
@@ -6664,35 +6664,40 @@ insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
 insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
+                           Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2
                      Output: bar2.f1, bar2.f2, bar2.ctid, bar2.*, bar2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid, foo.f1
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid, foo.f1
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
-                                 Output: foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid, foo.f1
                            ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2
                                  Output: foo2.ctid, foo2.*, foo2.tableoid, foo2.f1
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
+                                 Output: foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid, foo.f1
+(28 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -6702,35 +6707,40 @@ select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
 (4 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
+                           Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2
                      Output: bar2.f1, bar2.f2, bar2.ctid, bar2.*, bar2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR SHARE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid, foo.f1
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid, foo.f1
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
-                                 Output: foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid, foo.f1
                            ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2
                                  Output: foo2.ctid, foo2.*, foo2.tableoid, foo2.f1
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
+                                 Output: foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid, foo.f1
+(28 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -6760,11 +6770,11 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid, foo.f1
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
-                                 Output: foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid, foo.f1
                            ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2
                                  Output: foo2.ctid, foo2.*, foo2.tableoid, foo2.f1
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
+                                 Output: foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid, foo.f1
    ->  Hash Join
          Output: bar2.f1, (bar2.f2 + 100), bar2.f3, bar2.ctid, foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
@@ -6778,11 +6788,11 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid, foo.f1
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
-                                 Output: foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid, foo.f1
                            ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2
                                  Output: foo2.ctid, foo2.*, foo2.tableoid, foo2.f1
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
+                                 Output: foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid, foo.f1
 (39 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
@@ -6813,16 +6823,16 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
          Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid, (ROW(foo.f1))
          Hash Cond: (foo.f1 = bar.f1)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
-                     Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2
                      Output: ROW(foo2.f1), foo2.f1
                      Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                     Output: ROW((foo_1.f1 + 3)), (foo_1.f1 + 3)
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
                      Output: ROW((foo2_1.f1 + 3)), (foo2_1.f1 + 3)
                      Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
+                     Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
+               ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                     Output: ROW((foo_1.f1 + 3)), (foo_1.f1 + 3)
          ->  Hash
                Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid
                ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
@@ -6840,16 +6850,16 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
                Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
                Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
-                           Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
                      ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2
                            Output: ROW(foo2.f1), foo2.f1
                            Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
-                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                           Output: ROW((foo_1.f1 + 3)), (foo_1.f1 + 3)
                      ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo2_1
                            Output: ROW((foo2_1.f1 + 3)), (foo2_1.f1 + 3)
                            Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
+                           Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                           Output: ROW((foo_1.f1 + 3)), (foo_1.f1 + 3)
 (45 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
@@ -7000,27 +7010,33 @@ delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 (5 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Update on public.bar
-   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
-   Update on public.bar
-   Foreign Update on public.bar2
-   ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
-         Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
-   ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2
-         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
-(8 rows)
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: u.f1, u.f2
+   Sort Key: u.f1
+   CTE u
+     ->  Update on public.bar
+           Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
+           Update on public.bar
+           Foreign Update on public.bar2
+           ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
+                 Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  CTE Scan on u
+         Output: u.f1, u.f2
+(14 rows)
 
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
  f1 | f2  
 ----+-----
   1 | 311
   2 | 322
-  6 | 266
   3 | 333
   4 | 344
+  6 | 266
   7 | 277
 (6 rows)
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
index 7992ba5..5ea1d88 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/explain.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
+#include "executor/execAsync.h"
+#include "executor/nodeForeignscan.h"
 #include "foreign/fdwapi.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
@@ -34,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "optimizer/var.h"
 #include "optimizer/tlist.h"
 #include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "pgstat.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
@@ -53,6 +56,9 @@ PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
 /* If no remote estimates, assume a sort costs 20% extra */
 #define DEFAULT_FDW_SORT_MULTIPLIER 1.2
 
+/* Retrive PgFdwScanState struct from ForeginScanState */
+#define GetPgFdwScanState(n) ((PgFdwScanState *)(n)->fdw_state)
+
 /*
  * Indexes of FDW-private information stored in fdw_private lists.
  *
@@ -120,10 +126,27 @@ enum FdwDirectModifyPrivateIndex
 };
 
 /*
+ * Connection private area structure.
+ */
+typedef struct PgFdwConnpriv
+{
+    ForeignScanState *current_owner;    /* The node currently running a query
+                                         * on this connection*/
+} PgFdwConnpriv;
+
+/* Execution state base type */
+typedef struct PgFdwState
+{
+    PGconn       *conn;            /* connection for the scan */
+    PgFdwConnpriv *connpriv;    /* connection private memory */
+} PgFdwState;
+
+/*
  * Execution state of a foreign scan using postgres_fdw.
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 {
+    PgFdwState    s;                /* common structure */
     Relation    rel;            /* relcache entry for the foreign table. NULL
                                  * for a foreign join scan. */
     TupleDesc    tupdesc;        /* tuple descriptor of scan */
@@ -134,7 +157,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
     List       *retrieved_attrs;    /* list of retrieved attribute numbers */
 
     /* for remote query execution */
-    PGconn       *conn;            /* connection for the scan */
+    bool        result_ready;
     unsigned int cursor_number; /* quasi-unique ID for my cursor */
     bool        cursor_exists;    /* have we created the cursor? */
     int            numParams;        /* number of parameters passed to query */
@@ -150,6 +173,13 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
     /* batch-level state, for optimizing rewinds and avoiding useless fetch */
     int            fetch_ct_2;        /* Min(# of fetches done, 2) */
     bool        eof_reached;    /* true if last fetch reached EOF */
+    bool        run_async;        /* true if run asynchronously */
+    bool        async_waiting;    /* true if requesting the parent to wait */
+    ForeignScanState *waiter;    /* Next node to run a query among nodes
+                                 * sharing the same connection */
+    ForeignScanState *last_waiter;    /* A waiting node at the end of a waiting
+                                 * list. Maintained only by the current
+                                     * owner of the connection */
 
     /* working memory contexts */
     MemoryContext batch_cxt;    /* context holding current batch of tuples */
@@ -163,11 +193,11 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
 {
+    PgFdwState    s;                /* common structure */
     Relation    rel;            /* relcache entry for the foreign table */
     AttInMetadata *attinmeta;    /* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
     /* for remote query execution */
-    PGconn       *conn;            /* connection for the scan */
     char       *p_name;            /* name of prepared statement, if created */
 
     /* extracted fdw_private data */
@@ -190,6 +220,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwDirectModifyState
 {
+    PgFdwState    s;                /* common structure */
     Relation    rel;            /* relcache entry for the foreign table */
     AttInMetadata *attinmeta;    /* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
@@ -288,6 +319,7 @@ static void postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags);
 static TupleTableSlot *postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets(Query *parsetree,
                                 RangeTblEntry *target_rte,
                                 Relation target_relation);
@@ -348,6 +380,10 @@ static void postgresGetForeignUpperPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
                              UpperRelationKind stage,
                              RelOptInfo *input_rel,
                              RelOptInfo *output_rel);
+static bool postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path);
+static bool postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node,
+                                              WaitEventSet *wes,
+                                              void *caller_data, bool reinit);
 
 /*
  * Helper functions
@@ -368,7 +404,10 @@ static bool ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
                           EquivalenceClass *ec, EquivalenceMember *em,
                           void *arg);
 static void create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node);
-static void fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwconn);
+static void absorb_current_result(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void close_cursor(PGconn *conn, unsigned int cursor_number);
 static void prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate);
 static const char **convert_prep_stmt_params(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate,
@@ -438,6 +477,7 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
     routine->IterateForeignScan = postgresIterateForeignScan;
     routine->ReScanForeignScan = postgresReScanForeignScan;
     routine->EndForeignScan = postgresEndForeignScan;
+    routine->ShutdownForeignScan = postgresShutdownForeignScan;
 
     /* Functions for updating foreign tables */
     routine->AddForeignUpdateTargets = postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets;
@@ -472,6 +512,10 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
     /* Support functions for upper relation push-down */
     routine->GetForeignUpperPaths = postgresGetForeignUpperPaths;
 
+    /* Support functions for async execution */
+    routine->IsForeignPathAsyncCapable = postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable;
+    routine->ForeignAsyncConfigureWait = postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait;
+
     PG_RETURN_POINTER(routine);
 }
 
@@ -1322,12 +1366,21 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
      * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
      * establish new connection if necessary.
      */
-    fsstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+    fsstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+    fsstate->s.connpriv = (PgFdwConnpriv *)
+        GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnpriv));
+    fsstate->s.connpriv->current_owner = NULL;
+    fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+    fsstate->last_waiter = node;
 
     /* Assign a unique ID for my cursor */
-    fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->conn);
+    fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->s.conn);
     fsstate->cursor_exists = false;
 
+    /* Initialize async execution status */
+    fsstate->run_async = false;
+    fsstate->async_waiting = false;
+
     /* Get private info created by planner functions. */
     fsstate->query = strVal(list_nth(fsplan->fdw_private,
                                      FdwScanPrivateSelectSql));
@@ -1383,32 +1436,136 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 static TupleTableSlot *
 postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-    PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+    PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
     TupleTableSlot *slot = node->ss.ss_ScanTupleSlot;
 
     /*
-     * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
-     * cursor on the remote side.
-     */
-    if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
-        create_cursor(node);
-
-    /*
      * Get some more tuples, if we've run out.
      */
     if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
     {
-        /* No point in another fetch if we already detected EOF, though. */
-        if (!fsstate->eof_reached)
-            fetch_more_data(node);
-        /* If we didn't get any tuples, must be end of data. */
+        ForeignScanState *next_conn_owner = node;
+
+        /* This node has sent a query on this connection */
+        if (fsstate->s.connpriv->current_owner == node)
+        {
+            /* Check if the result is available */
+            if (PQisBusy(fsstate->s.conn))
+            {
+                int rc = WaitLatchOrSocket(NULL,
+                                           WL_SOCKET_READABLE | WL_TIMEOUT,
+                                           PQsocket(fsstate->s.conn), 0,
+                                           WAIT_EVENT_ASYNC_WAIT);
+                if (node->fs_async && !(rc & WL_SOCKET_READABLE))
+                {
+                    /*
+                     * This node is not ready yet. Tell the caller to wait.
+                     */
+                    fsstate->result_ready = false;
+                    node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_WAITING;
+                    return ExecClearTuple(slot);
+                }
+            }
+
+            Assert(fsstate->async_waiting);
+            fsstate->async_waiting = false;
+            fetch_received_data(node);
+
+            /*
+             * If someone is waiting this node on the same connection, let the
+             * first waiter be the next owner of this connection.
+             */
+            if (fsstate->waiter)
+            {
+                PgFdwScanState *next_owner_state;
+
+                next_conn_owner = fsstate->waiter;
+                next_owner_state = GetPgFdwScanState(next_conn_owner);
+                fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+
+                /*
+                 * only the current owner is responsible to maintain the shortcut
+                 * to the last waiter
+                 */
+                next_owner_state->last_waiter = fsstate->last_waiter;
+
+                /*
+                 * for simplicity, last_waiter points itself on a node that no one
+                 * is waiting for.
+                 */
+                fsstate->last_waiter = node;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (fsstate->s.connpriv->current_owner &&
+                 !GetPgFdwScanState(node)->eof_reached)
+        {
+            /*
+             * Anyone else is holding this connection and we want this node to
+             * run later. Add myself to the tail of the waiters' list then
+             * return not-ready.  To avoid scanning through the waiters' list,
+             * the current owner is to maintain the shortcut to the last
+             * waiter.
+             */
+            PgFdwScanState *conn_owner_state =
+                GetPgFdwScanState(fsstate->s.connpriv->current_owner);
+            ForeignScanState *last_waiter = conn_owner_state->last_waiter;
+            PgFdwScanState *last_waiter_state = GetPgFdwScanState(last_waiter);
+
+            last_waiter_state->waiter = node;
+            conn_owner_state->last_waiter = node;
+
+            /* Register the node to the async-waiting node list */
+            Assert(!GetPgFdwScanState(node)->async_waiting);
+
+            GetPgFdwScanState(node)->async_waiting = true;
+
+            fsstate->result_ready = fsstate->eof_reached;
+            node->ss.ps.asyncstate =
+                fsstate->result_ready ? AS_AVAILABLE : AS_WAITING;
+            return ExecClearTuple(slot);
+        }
+
+        /* At this time no node is running on the connection */
+        Assert(GetPgFdwScanState(next_conn_owner)->s.connpriv->current_owner
+               == NULL);
+        /*
+         * Send the next request for the next owner of this connection if
+         * needed.
+         */
+        if (!GetPgFdwScanState(next_conn_owner)->eof_reached)
+        {
+            PgFdwScanState *next_owner_state =
+                GetPgFdwScanState(next_conn_owner);
+
+            request_more_data(next_conn_owner);
+
+            /* Register the node to the async-waiting node list */
+            if (!next_owner_state->async_waiting)
+                next_owner_state->async_waiting = true;
+
+            if (!next_conn_owner->fs_async)
+                fetch_received_data(next_conn_owner);
+        }
+
+
+        /*
+         * If we haven't received a result for the given node this time,
+         * return with no tuple to give way to other nodes.
+         */
         if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
+        {
+            fsstate->result_ready = fsstate->eof_reached;
+            node->ss.ps.asyncstate =
+                fsstate->result_ready ? AS_AVAILABLE : AS_WAITING;
             return ExecClearTuple(slot);
+        }
     }
 
     /*
      * Return the next tuple.
      */
+    fsstate->result_ready = true;
+    node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
     ExecStoreTuple(fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++],
                    slot,
                    InvalidBuffer,
@@ -1424,7 +1581,7 @@ postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-    PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+    PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
     char        sql[64];
     PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -1432,6 +1589,9 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
     if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
         return;
 
+    /* Absorb the ramining result */
+    absorb_current_result(node);
+
     /*
      * If any internal parameters affecting this node have changed, we'd
      * better destroy and recreate the cursor.  Otherwise, rewinding it should
@@ -1460,9 +1620,9 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
      * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
      * without releasing the PGresult.
      */
-    res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->conn, sql);
+    res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->s.conn, sql);
     if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->conn, true, sql);
+        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->s.conn, true, sql);
     PQclear(res);
 
     /* Now force a fresh FETCH. */
@@ -1480,7 +1640,7 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-    PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+    PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 
     /* if fsstate is NULL, we are in EXPLAIN; nothing to do */
     if (fsstate == NULL)
@@ -1488,16 +1648,32 @@ postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 
     /* Close the cursor if open, to prevent accumulation of cursors */
     if (fsstate->cursor_exists)
-        close_cursor(fsstate->conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
+        close_cursor(fsstate->s.conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
 
     /* Release remote connection */
-    ReleaseConnection(fsstate->conn);
-    fsstate->conn = NULL;
+    ReleaseConnection(fsstate->s.conn);
+    fsstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
     /* MemoryContexts will be deleted automatically. */
 }
 
 /*
+ * postgresShutdownForeignScan
+ *        Remove asynchrony stuff and cleanup garbage on the connection.
+ */
+static void
+postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+    ForeignScan *plan = (ForeignScan *) node->ss.ps.plan;
+
+    if (plan->operation != CMD_SELECT)
+        return;
+
+    /* Absorb the ramining result */
+    absorb_current_result(node);
+}
+
+/*
  * postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets
  *        Add resjunk column(s) needed for update/delete on a foreign table
  */
@@ -1700,7 +1876,9 @@ postgresBeginForeignModify(ModifyTableState *mtstate,
     user = GetUserMapping(userid, table->serverid);
 
     /* Open connection; report that we'll create a prepared statement. */
-    fmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+    fmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+    fmstate->s.connpriv = (PgFdwConnpriv *)
+        GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnpriv));
     fmstate->p_name = NULL;        /* prepared statement not made yet */
 
     /* Deconstruct fdw_private data. */
@@ -1779,6 +1957,8 @@ postgresExecForeignInsert(EState *estate,
     PGresult   *res;
     int            n_rows;
 
+    vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fmstate);
+
     /* Set up the prepared statement on the remote server, if we didn't yet */
     if (!fmstate->p_name)
         prepare_foreign_modify(fmstate);
@@ -1789,14 +1969,14 @@ postgresExecForeignInsert(EState *estate,
     /*
      * Execute the prepared statement.
      */
-    if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->conn,
+    if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->s.conn,
                              fmstate->p_name,
                              fmstate->p_nums,
                              p_values,
                              NULL,
                              NULL,
                              0))
-        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
     /*
      * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -1804,10 +1984,10 @@ postgresExecForeignInsert(EState *estate,
      * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
      * without releasing the PGresult.
      */
-    res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+    res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
     if (PQresultStatus(res) !=
         (fmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 
     /* Check number of rows affected, and fetch RETURNING tuple if any */
     if (fmstate->has_returning)
@@ -1845,6 +2025,8 @@ postgresExecForeignUpdate(EState *estate,
     PGresult   *res;
     int            n_rows;
 
+    vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fmstate);
+
     /* Set up the prepared statement on the remote server, if we didn't yet */
     if (!fmstate->p_name)
         prepare_foreign_modify(fmstate);
@@ -1865,14 +2047,14 @@ postgresExecForeignUpdate(EState *estate,
     /*
      * Execute the prepared statement.
      */
-    if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->conn,
+    if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->s.conn,
                              fmstate->p_name,
                              fmstate->p_nums,
                              p_values,
                              NULL,
                              NULL,
                              0))
-        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
     /*
      * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -1880,10 +2062,10 @@ postgresExecForeignUpdate(EState *estate,
      * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
      * without releasing the PGresult.
      */
-    res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+    res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
     if (PQresultStatus(res) !=
         (fmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 
     /* Check number of rows affected, and fetch RETURNING tuple if any */
     if (fmstate->has_returning)
@@ -1921,6 +2103,8 @@ postgresExecForeignDelete(EState *estate,
     PGresult   *res;
     int            n_rows;
 
+    vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fmstate);
+
     /* Set up the prepared statement on the remote server, if we didn't yet */
     if (!fmstate->p_name)
         prepare_foreign_modify(fmstate);
@@ -1941,14 +2125,14 @@ postgresExecForeignDelete(EState *estate,
     /*
      * Execute the prepared statement.
      */
-    if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->conn,
+    if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->s.conn,
                              fmstate->p_name,
                              fmstate->p_nums,
                              p_values,
                              NULL,
                              NULL,
                              0))
-        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
     /*
      * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -1956,10 +2140,10 @@ postgresExecForeignDelete(EState *estate,
      * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
      * without releasing the PGresult.
      */
-    res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+    res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
     if (PQresultStatus(res) !=
         (fmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 
     /* Check number of rows affected, and fetch RETURNING tuple if any */
     if (fmstate->has_returning)
@@ -2006,16 +2190,16 @@ postgresEndForeignModify(EState *estate,
          * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
          * without releasing the PGresult.
          */
-        res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->conn, sql);
+        res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->s.conn, sql);
         if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-            pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, sql);
+            pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, sql);
         PQclear(res);
         fmstate->p_name = NULL;
     }
 
     /* Release remote connection */
-    ReleaseConnection(fmstate->conn);
-    fmstate->conn = NULL;
+    ReleaseConnection(fmstate->s.conn);
+    fmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2303,7 +2487,9 @@ postgresBeginDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
      * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
      * establish new connection if necessary.
      */
-    dmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+    dmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+    dmstate->s.connpriv = (PgFdwConnpriv *)
+        GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnpriv));
 
     /* Initialize state variable */
     dmstate->num_tuples = -1;    /* -1 means not set yet */
@@ -2356,7 +2542,10 @@ postgresIterateDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
      * If this is the first call after Begin, execute the statement.
      */
     if (dmstate->num_tuples == -1)
+    {
+        vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)dmstate);
         execute_dml_stmt(node);
+    }
 
     /*
      * If the local query doesn't specify RETURNING, just clear tuple slot.
@@ -2403,8 +2592,8 @@ postgresEndDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
         PQclear(dmstate->result);
 
     /* Release remote connection */
-    ReleaseConnection(dmstate->conn);
-    dmstate->conn = NULL;
+    ReleaseConnection(dmstate->s.conn);
+    dmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
     /* MemoryContext will be deleted automatically. */
 }
@@ -2523,6 +2712,7 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
         List       *local_param_join_conds;
         StringInfoData sql;
         PGconn       *conn;
+        PgFdwConnpriv *connpriv;
         Selectivity local_sel;
         QualCost    local_cost;
         List       *fdw_scan_tlist = NIL;
@@ -2565,6 +2755,16 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 
         /* Get the remote estimate */
         conn = GetConnection(fpinfo->user, false);
+        connpriv = GetConnectionSpecificStorage(fpinfo->user,
+                                                sizeof(PgFdwConnpriv));
+        if (connpriv)
+        {
+            PgFdwState tmpstate;
+            tmpstate.conn = conn;
+            tmpstate.connpriv = connpriv;
+            vacate_connection(&tmpstate);
+        }
+
         get_remote_estimate(sql.data, conn, &rows, &width,
                             &startup_cost, &total_cost);
         ReleaseConnection(conn);
@@ -2919,11 +3119,11 @@ ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 static void
 create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-    PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+    PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
     ExprContext *econtext = node->ss.ps.ps_ExprContext;
     int            numParams = fsstate->numParams;
     const char **values = fsstate->param_values;
-    PGconn       *conn = fsstate->conn;
+    PGconn       *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
     StringInfoData buf;
     PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -2989,47 +3189,96 @@ create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
  * Fetch some more rows from the node's cursor.
  */
 static void
-fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-    PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+    PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+    PGconn       *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+    char        sql[64];
+
+    /* The connection should be vacant */
+    Assert(fsstate->s.connpriv->current_owner == NULL);
+
+    /*
+     * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
+     * cursor on the remote side.
+     */
+    if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
+        create_cursor(node);
+
+    snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
+             fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
+
+    if (!PQsendQuery(conn, sql))
+        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, conn, false, sql);
+
+    fsstate->s.connpriv->current_owner = node;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Fetch some more rows from the node's cursor.
+ */
+static void
+fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+    PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
     PGresult   *volatile res = NULL;
     MemoryContext oldcontext;
 
+    /* I should be the current connection owner */
+    Assert(fsstate->s.connpriv->current_owner == node);
+
     /*
      * We'll store the tuples in the batch_cxt.  First, flush the previous
-     * batch.
+     * batch if no tuple is remaining
      */
-    fsstate->tuples = NULL;
-    MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+    if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
+    {
+        fsstate->tuples = NULL;
+        fsstate->num_tuples = 0;
+        MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+    }
+    else if (fsstate->next_tuple > 0)
+    {
+        /* move the remaining tuples to the beginning of the store */
+        int n = 0;
+
+        while(fsstate->next_tuple < fsstate->num_tuples)
+            fsstate->tuples[n++] = fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++];
+        fsstate->num_tuples = n;
+    }
+
     oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(fsstate->batch_cxt);
 
     /* PGresult must be released before leaving this function. */
     PG_TRY();
     {
-        PGconn       *conn = fsstate->conn;
+        PGconn       *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
         char        sql[64];
-        int            numrows;
+        int            addrows;
+        size_t        newsize;
         int            i;
 
         snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
                  fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
 
-        res = pgfdw_exec_query(conn, sql);
+        res = pgfdw_get_result(conn, sql);
         /* On error, report the original query, not the FETCH. */
         if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
             pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, conn, false, fsstate->query);
 
         /* Convert the data into HeapTuples */
-        numrows = PQntuples(res);
-        fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc0(numrows * sizeof(HeapTuple));
-        fsstate->num_tuples = numrows;
-        fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+        addrows = PQntuples(res);
+        newsize = (fsstate->num_tuples + addrows) * sizeof(HeapTuple);
+        if (fsstate->tuples)
+            fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) repalloc(fsstate->tuples, newsize);
+        else
+            fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc(newsize);
 
-        for (i = 0; i < numrows; i++)
+        for (i = 0; i < addrows; i++)
         {
             Assert(IsA(node->ss.ps.plan, ForeignScan));
 
-            fsstate->tuples[i] =
+            fsstate->tuples[fsstate->num_tuples + i] =
                 make_tuple_from_result_row(res, i,
                                            fsstate->rel,
                                            fsstate->attinmeta,
@@ -3039,27 +3288,82 @@ fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
         }
 
         /* Update fetch_ct_2 */
-        if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2)
+        if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2 && fsstate->next_tuple == 0)
             fsstate->fetch_ct_2++;
 
+        fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+        fsstate->num_tuples += addrows;
+
         /* Must be EOF if we didn't get as many tuples as we asked for. */
-        fsstate->eof_reached = (numrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
+        fsstate->eof_reached = (addrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
 
         PQclear(res);
         res = NULL;
     }
     PG_CATCH();
     {
+        fsstate->s.connpriv->current_owner = NULL;
         if (res)
             PQclear(res);
         PG_RE_THROW();
     }
     PG_END_TRY();
 
+    fsstate->s.connpriv->current_owner = NULL;
+
     MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 }
 
 /*
+ * Vacate a connection so that this node can send the next query
+ */
+static void
+vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwstate)
+{
+    PgFdwConnpriv *connpriv = fdwstate->connpriv;
+    ForeignScanState *owner;
+
+    if (connpriv == NULL || connpriv->current_owner == NULL)
+        return;
+
+    /*
+     * let the current connection owner read the result for the running query
+     */
+    owner = connpriv->current_owner;
+    fetch_received_data(owner);
+
+    /* Clear the waiting list */
+    while (owner)
+    {
+        PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(owner);
+
+        fsstate->last_waiter = NULL;
+        owner = fsstate->waiter;
+        fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Absorb the result of the current query.
+ */
+static void
+absorb_current_result(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+    PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+    ForeignScanState *owner = fsstate->s.connpriv->current_owner;
+
+    if (owner)
+    {
+        PgFdwScanState *target_state = GetPgFdwScanState(owner);
+        PGconn *conn = target_state->s.conn;
+
+        while(PQisBusy(conn))
+            PQclear(PQgetResult(conn));
+        fsstate->s.connpriv->current_owner = NULL;
+        fsstate->async_waiting = false;
+    }
+}
+/*
  * Force assorted GUC parameters to settings that ensure that we'll output
  * data values in a form that is unambiguous to the remote server.
  *
@@ -3143,7 +3447,7 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 
     /* Construct name we'll use for the prepared statement. */
     snprintf(prep_name, sizeof(prep_name), "pgsql_fdw_prep_%u",
-             GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->conn));
+             GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->s.conn));
     p_name = pstrdup(prep_name);
 
     /*
@@ -3153,12 +3457,12 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
      * the prepared statements we use in this module are simple enough that
      * the remote server will make the right choices.
      */
-    if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->conn,
+    if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->s.conn,
                        p_name,
                        fmstate->query,
                        0,
                        NULL))
-        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
     /*
      * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3166,9 +3470,9 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
      * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
      * without releasing the PGresult.
      */
-    res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+    res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
     if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
     PQclear(res);
 
     /* This action shows that the prepare has been done. */
@@ -3299,9 +3603,9 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
      * the desired result.  This allows us to avoid assuming that the remote
      * server has the same OIDs we do for the parameters' types.
      */
-    if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
+    if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
                            NULL, values, NULL, NULL, 0))
-        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->conn, false, dmstate->query);
+        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->s.conn, false, dmstate->query);
 
     /*
      * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3309,10 +3613,10 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
      * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
      * without releasing the PGresult.
      */
-    dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query);
+    dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query);
     if (PQresultStatus(dmstate->result) !=
         (dmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->conn, true,
+        pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->s.conn, true,
                            dmstate->query);
 
     /* Get the number of rows affected. */
@@ -4582,6 +4886,42 @@ postgresGetForeignJoinPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
     /* XXX Consider parameterized paths for the join relation */
 }
 
+static bool
+postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path)
+{
+    return true;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Configure waiting event.
+ *
+ * Add an wait event only when the node is the connection owner. Elsewise
+ * another node on this connection is the owner.
+ */
+static bool
+postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node, WaitEventSet *wes,
+                                  void *caller_data, bool reinit)
+{
+    PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+
+
+    /* If the caller didn't reinit, this event is already in event set */
+    if (!reinit)
+        return true;
+
+    if (fsstate->s.connpriv->current_owner == node)
+    {
+        AddWaitEventToSet(wes,
+                          WL_SOCKET_READABLE, PQsocket(fsstate->s.conn),
+                          NULL, caller_data);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+
 /*
  * Assess whether the aggregation, grouping and having operations can be pushed
  * down to the foreign server.  As a side effect, save information we obtain in
@@ -4946,7 +5286,7 @@ make_tuple_from_result_row(PGresult *res,
         PgFdwScanState *fdw_sstate;
 
         Assert(fsstate);
-        fdw_sstate = (PgFdwScanState *) fsstate->fdw_state;
+        fdw_sstate = GetPgFdwScanState(fsstate);
         tupdesc = fdw_sstate->tupdesc;
     }
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index 1ae809d..58ef26e 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwRelationInfo
     UserMapping *user;            /* only set in use_remote_estimate mode */
 
     int            fetch_size;        /* fetch size for this remote table */
+    bool        allow_prefetch;    /* true to allow overlapped fetching  */
 
     /*
      * Name of the relation while EXPLAINing ForeignScan. It is used for join
@@ -116,6 +117,7 @@ extern void reset_transmission_modes(int nestlevel);
 
 /* in connection.c */
 extern PGconn *GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt);
+void *GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize);
 extern void ReleaseConnection(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetCursorNumber(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetPrepStmtNumber(PGconn *conn);
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 3c3c5c7..cb9caa5 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -1535,25 +1535,25 @@ INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
@@ -1589,12 +1589,12 @@ insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
 
 -- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
 explain (verbose, costs off)
@@ -1653,8 +1653,8 @@ explain (verbose, costs off)
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
 
 -- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
 CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
-- 
2.9.2


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