pgsql: Implement "distributed" checkpoints in which the checkpoint I/O

Log Message:
-----------
Implement "distributed" checkpoints in which the checkpoint I/O is spread
over a fairly long period of time, rather than being spat out in a burst.
This happens only for background checkpoints carried out by the bgwriter;
other cases, such as a shutdown checkpoint, are still done at full speed.

Remove the "all buffers" scan in the bgwriter, and associated stats
infrastructure, since this seems no longer very useful when the checkpoint
itself is properly throttled.

Original patch by Itagaki Takahiro, reworked by Heikki Linnakangas,
and some minor API editorialization by me.

Modified Files:
--------------
    pgsql/doc/src/sgml:
        config.sgml (r1.128 -> r1.129)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml.diff?r1=1.128&r2=1.129)
        monitoring.sgml (r1.50 -> r1.51)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml.diff?r1=1.50&r2=1.51)
        wal.sgml (r1.43 -> r1.44)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/wal.sgml.diff?r1=1.43&r2=1.44)
    pgsql/src/backend/access/transam:
        xlog.c (r1.272 -> r1.273)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c.diff?r1=1.272&r2=1.273)
    pgsql/src/backend/bootstrap:
        bootstrap.c (r1.233 -> r1.234)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c.diff?r1=1.233&r2=1.234)
    pgsql/src/backend/catalog:
        system_views.sql (r1.37 -> r1.38)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/catalog/system_views.sql.diff?r1=1.37&r2=1.38)
    pgsql/src/backend/commands:
        dbcommands.c (r1.195 -> r1.196)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/commands/dbcommands.c.diff?r1=1.195&r2=1.196)
    pgsql/src/backend/postmaster:
        bgwriter.c (r1.38 -> r1.39)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c.diff?r1=1.38&r2=1.39)
        pgstat.c (r1.159 -> r1.160)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/postmaster/pgstat.c.diff?r1=1.159&r2=1.160)
    pgsql/src/backend/storage/buffer:
        bufmgr.c (r1.221 -> r1.222)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/storage/buffer/bufmgr.c.diff?r1=1.221&r2=1.222)
    pgsql/src/backend/tcop:
        utility.c (r1.281 -> r1.282)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/tcop/utility.c.diff?r1=1.281&r2=1.282)
    pgsql/src/backend/utils/adt:
        pgstatfuncs.c (r1.42 -> r1.43)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/utils/adt/pgstatfuncs.c.diff?r1=1.42&r2=1.43)
    pgsql/src/backend/utils/misc:
        guc.c (r1.402 -> r1.403)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c.diff?r1=1.402&r2=1.403)
        postgresql.conf.sample (r1.216 -> r1.217)

(http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample.diff?r1=1.216&r2=1.217)
    pgsql/src/include/access:
        xlog.h (r1.78 -> r1.79)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/include/access/xlog.h.diff?r1=1.78&r2=1.79)
    pgsql/src/include/catalog:
        catversion.h (r1.412 -> r1.413)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/include/catalog/catversion.h.diff?r1=1.412&r2=1.413)
        pg_proc.h (r1.460 -> r1.461)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.h.diff?r1=1.460&r2=1.461)
    pgsql/src/include:
        pgstat.h (r1.62 -> r1.63)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/include/pgstat.h.diff?r1=1.62&r2=1.63)
    pgsql/src/include/postmaster:
        bgwriter.h (r1.9 -> r1.10)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/include/postmaster/bgwriter.h.diff?r1=1.9&r2=1.10)
    pgsql/src/include/storage:
        buf_internals.h (r1.90 -> r1.91)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/include/storage/buf_internals.h.diff?r1=1.90&r2=1.91)
        bufmgr.h (r1.104 -> r1.105)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/include/storage/bufmgr.h.diff?r1=1.104&r2=1.105)
    pgsql/src/test/regress/expected:
        rules.out (r1.129 -> r1.130)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/test/regress/expected/rules.out.diff?r1=1.129&r2=1.130)