pgsql: Fix regex_fixed_prefix() to cope reasonably well with regex

Log Message:
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Fix regex_fixed_prefix() to cope reasonably well with regex patterns of the
form '^(foo)$'.  Before, these could never be optimized into indexscans.
The recent changes to make psql and pg_dump generate such patterns (for \d
commands and -t and related switches, respectively) therefore represented
a big performance hit for people with large pg_class catalogs, as seen in
recent gripe from Erik Jones.  While at it, be more paranoid about
case-sensitivity checking in multibyte encodings, and fix some other
corner cases in which a regex might be interpreted too liberally.

Tags:
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REL8_1_STABLE

Modified Files:
--------------
    pgsql/src/backend/utils/adt:
        regexp.c (r1.60.2.2 -> r1.60.2.3)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/utils/adt/regexp.c.diff?r1=1.60.2.2&r2=1.60.2.3)
        selfuncs.c (r1.191.2.2 -> r1.191.2.3)

(http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/utils/adt/selfuncs.c.diff?r1=1.191.2.2&r2=1.191.2.3)
    pgsql/src/include/utils:
        builtins.h (r1.267.2.1 -> r1.267.2.2)
        (http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/include/utils/builtins.h.diff?r1=1.267.2.1&r2=1.267.2.2)