BUG #19432: recovery fails at invalid checkpoint record

The following bug has been logged on the website:

Bug reference:      19432
Logged by:          Felix Hamme
Email address:      felix.hamme@ionos.com
PostgreSQL version: 17.9
Operating system:   Debian 13
Description:

Hi, I'm trying to restore from a pg_basebackup at timeline 1 to a
restore_target_time in timeline 2.
It fails at "invalid checkpoint record", "could not locate required
checkpoint record at 0/3000080".
All relevant wal files are in the archive, the restore_command works and
backup_label, pg_controldata, pg_waldump and 00000002.history look like
everything should work.
Recovering only timeline 1 works, but it fails as soon as it should proceed
in timeline 2.
A 6.7MB tar of the basebackup and the wal archive is available at
https://get.hidrive.com/i/PwMejRQG . This link expires on 2026-03-13, I can
provide a new link if needed.
Why does this recovery fail?