BUG #18641: Logical decoding of two-phase commit fails with TOASTed default values

The following bug has been logged on the website:

Bug reference:      18641
Logged by:          Alexander Lakhin
Email address:      exclusion@gmail.com
PostgreSQL version: 17.0
Operating system:   Ubuntu 22.04
Description:

Logical decoding of a transaction like:
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO test_tab VALUES(1);
PREPARE TRANSACTION 'pt';

where test_tab defined as:
CREATE TABLE test_tab(a int primary key,
  t text DEFAULT 'Some TOASTable value';

for a subscription created with two_phase = on, fails as below:
2024-09-28 06:44:50.708 UTC [3741774:6][client backend][6/2:740] LOG:
statement: PREPARE TRANSACTION 'pt';
2024-09-28 06:44:50.709 UTC [3741774:7][client backend][:0] LOG:
disconnection: session time: 0:00:00.006 user=law database=postgres
host=[local]
2024-09-28 06:44:50.713 UTC [3741741:17][walsender][25/0:0] ERROR:
unexpected table_index_fetch_tuple call during logical decoding
2024-09-28 06:44:50.713 UTC [3741741:18][walsender][25/0:0] BACKTRACE:  
table_index_fetch_tuple at tableam.h:1253:3
index_fetch_heap at indexam.c:637:10
index_getnext_slot at indexam.c:697:6
systable_getnext_ordered at genam.c:717:5
heap_fetch_toast_slice at heaptoast.c:698:17
table_relation_fetch_toast_slice at tableam.h:1924:1
toast_fetch_datum at detoast.c:379:2
detoast_attr at detoast.c:123:10
pg_detoast_datum_packed at fmgr.c:1867:10
text_to_cstring at varlena.c:220:23
AttrDefaultFetch at relcache.c:4537:17
RelationBuildTupleDesc at relcache.c:697:4
RelationBuildDesc at relcache.c:1188:24
RelationIdGetRelation at relcache.c:2116:7
ReorderBufferProcessTXN at reorderbuffer.c:2246:17
ReorderBufferReplay at reorderbuffer.c:2725:2
ReorderBufferPrepare at reorderbuffer.c:2822:2
DecodePrepare at decode.c:826:2
xact_decode at decode.c:347:5
LogicalDecodingProcessRecord at decode.c:123:1
XLogSendLogical at walsender.c:3413:33
WalSndLoop at walsender.c:2814:4
StartLogicalReplication at walsender.c:1523:2
exec_replication_command at walsender.c:2148:5
PostgresMain at postgres.c:4763:11
BackendInitialize at backend_startup.c:123:1
postmaster_child_launch at launch_backend.c:281:9
BackendStartup at postmaster.c:3593:8
ServerLoop at postmaster.c:1677:10
PostmasterMain at postmaster.c:1372:11
startup_hacks at main.c:217:1
        /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0x80)
[0x7f30a90d7e40]
        postgres: node_publisher: walsender law postgres [local]
START_REPLICATION(_start+0x25) [0x5647b6023565]
2024-09-28 06:44:50.713 UTC [3741741:19][walsender][25/0:0] LOG:  released
logical replication slot "test_sub"
2024-09-28 06:44:50.713 UTC [3741741:20][walsender][25/0:0] LOG:  could not
send data to client: Broken pipe
2024-09-28 06:44:50.713 UTC [3741741:21][walsender][25/0:0] FATAL:
connection to client lost

The issue can be easily reproduced with 022_twophase_cascade.pl modified
like this:
@@ -67,0 +68 @@ $node_A->safe_psql('postgres',
+my $default = join('', map {chr(65 + rand 26)} (1 .. 10000));
@@ -69 +70 @@ $node_B->safe_psql('postgres',
-    "CREATE TABLE test_tab (a int primary key, b bytea, c timestamptz
DEFAULT now(), d bigint DEFAULT 999)"
+    "CREATE TABLE test_tab (a int primary key, b bytea, c timestamptz
DEFAULT now(), d bigint DEFAULT 999, t text DEFAULT '$default')"
@@ -72 +73 @@ $node_C->safe_psql('postgres',
-    "CREATE TABLE test_tab (a int primary key, b bytea, c timestamptz
DEFAULT now(), d bigint DEFAULT 999)"
+    "CREATE TABLE test_tab (a int primary key, b bytea, c timestamptz
DEFAULT now(), d bigint DEFAULT 999, t text DEFAULT '$default')"

Reproduced on REL_15_STABLE (starting from a8fd13cab) .. master.