BUG #18546: Attempt to insert default into a non-updatable column of a view fails with a dubious error

The following bug has been logged on the website:

Bug reference:      18546
Logged by:          Alexander Lakhin
Email address:      exclusion@gmail.com
PostgreSQL version: 17beta2
Operating system:   Ubuntu 22.04
Description:

The following query:
CREATE TABLE t (a int);
CREATE VIEW v AS  SELECT a, a + 0 AS a0 FROM t;
INSERT INTO v values (default, default);
raises
ERROR:  XX000: attribute number 2 not found in view targetlist
LOCATION:  adjust_view_column_set, rewriteHandler.c:3045

Whilst
INSERT INTO v values (default, 1);
fails with clearer
ERROR:  0A000: cannot insert into column "a0" of view "v"
DETAIL:  View columns that are not columns of their base relation are not
updatable.