Performance trouble finding records through related records

Hi, appreciated mailing list. Thanks already for taking your time for my
performance question. Regards, Sander.


===POSTGRESQL VERSION AND ORIGIN===

PostgreSQL 8.3.9 on i486-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC cc (GCC) 4.2.4
(Ubuntu 4.2.4-1ubuntu3)
Installed using "apt-get install postgresql-8.3"


===A DESCRIPTION OF WHAT YOU ARE TRYING TO ACHIEVE===

Query involving tables events_events and events_eventdetails. There is any
number of events_eventdetails records for each events_events record.

There may be multiple records in events_events that have the same value for
their transactionId, which is available in one of their events_eventdetails
records.

We want a total query that returns events_events records that match
condition I. or II., sorted by datetime descending, first 50.

Condition I.
All events_events records for which an events_eventdetails records that
matches the following conditions:
- Column keyname (in events_eventdetails) equals "customerId", and
- Column value (in events_eventdetails) equals 598124, or more precisely
substring(customerDetails.value,0,32)='598124'

Condition II.
All events_events records that have a same value for in one of their
events_eventdetails records with keyname 'transactionId' as any of the
resulting events_events records of condition I.

In other words: I want all events for a certain customerId, and all events
with the same transactionId as those.

The total query's time should be of the magnitude 100ms, but currently is of
the magnitude 1min.

JUST FOR THE PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT I've now a denormalized copy of
transactionId as a column in the events_events records. Been trying queries
on those, with no improvements.

I am not seeking WHY my query is too slow, rather trying to find a way to
get it faster :-)


===THE EXACT TEXT OF THE QUERY YOU RAN===

The total query:

SELECT events1.id, events1.transactionId, events1.dateTime FROM
events_events events1
JOIN events_eventdetails customerDetails
ON events1.id = customerDetails.event_id
AND customerDetails.keyname='customer_id'
AND substring(customerDetails.value,0,32)='598124'
WHERE events1.eventtype_id IN

(100,103,105,106,45,34,14,87,58,78,7,76,11,25,57,98,30,35,33,49,52,28,85,59,23,22,51,48,36,65,66,18,13,86,75,44,38,43,94,56,95,96,71,50,81,90,89,16,17,88,79,77,68,97,92,67,72,53,2,10,31,32,80,24,93,26,9,8,61,5,73,70,63,20,60,40,41,39,101,104,107,99,64,62,55,69,19,46,47,15,21,27,54,12,102,108)
UNION
SELECT events2.id, events2.transactionId, events2.dateTime FROM
events_events events2
JOIN events_eventdetails details2_transKey
    ON events2.id = details2_transKey.event_id
    AND details2_transKey.keyname='transactionId'
JOIN events_eventdetails details2_transValue
    ON substring(details2_transKey.value,0,32) =
substring(details2_transValue.value,0,32)
    AND details2_transValue.keyname='transactionId'
JOIN events_eventdetails customerDetails
    ON details2_transValue.event_id = customerDetails.event_id
    AND customerDetails.keyname='customer_id'
    AND substring(customerDetails.value,0,32)='598124'
WHERE events2.eventtype_id IN

(100,103,105,106,45,34,14,87,58,78,7,76,11,25,57,98,30,35,33,49,52,28,85,59,23,22,51,48,36,65,66,18,13,86,75,44,38,43,94,56,95,96,71,50,81,90,89,16,17,88,79,77,68,97,92,67,72,53,2,10,31,32,80,24,93,26,9,8,61,5,73,70,63,20,60,40,41,39,101,104,107,99,64,62,55,69,19,46,47,15,21,27,54,12,102,108)
ORDER BY dateTime DESC LIMIT 50


===THE EXACT OUTPUT OF THAT QUERY===

The exactly correct and desired output is as follows:

    id    |            transactionid            |          datetime
----------+-------------------------------------+----------------------------
 16336643 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:10:38.648+01
 16336642 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:10:35.629+01
 16336641 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:10:35.625+01
 16336637 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:09:53.306+01
 16336634 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:09:14.027+01
 16336633 | 26eaeb24-7a93-4c9a-99f9-bd3b77f9636 | 2011-03-01 11:09:14.004+01
 16336632 | 26eaeb24-7a93-4c9a-99f9-bd3b77f9636 | 2011-03-01 11:09:13.925+01
 16336631 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:09:13.873+01
 16336630 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:09:13.741+01
 16336626 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:09:08.931+01
 16336625 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:09:01.811+01
 16336624 | 2037f235-89d2-402a-90eb-3bcf40d633c | 2011-03-01 11:09:01.771+01
 16336623 | 2037f235-89d2-402a-90eb-3bcf40d633c | 2011-03-01 11:09:01.729+01
 16336611 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:08:08.63+01
 16336610 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:08:02.805+01
 16336609 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:08:02.801+01
 16336606 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:07:55.324+01
 16336602 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:07:38.63+01
 16336600 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:07:34.561+01
 16336599 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:07:34.547+01
 16336595 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:07:24.471+01
 16336594 | e3235ae5-9f40-4ceb-94bf-61ed99b793a | 2011-03-01 11:07:24.445+01
 16336593 | e3235ae5-9f40-4ceb-94bf-61ed99b793a | 2011-03-01 11:07:24.373+01
 16336591 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:07:24.268+01
 16336590 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:07:24.065+01
 16336583 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:06:43.63+01
 16336582 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:06:36.977+01
 16336581 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:06:36.973+01
 16336575 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:06:18.637+01
 16336573 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:06:16.728+01
 16336572 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:06:16.723+01
 16336569 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:06:06.662+01
 16336568 | 3519e6de-bc8f-4641-a686-c088e459b47 | 2011-03-01 11:06:06.639+01
 16336567 | 3519e6de-bc8f-4641-a686-c088e459b47 | 2011-03-01 11:06:06.569+01
 16336566 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:06:06.526+01
 16336565 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:06:06.359+01
 16336561 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:05:58.868+01
 16336560 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:05:50.80+01
 16336559 | fbd5c7b2-6035-45cf-9222-a3d9f77d9ae | 2011-03-01 11:05:50.767+01
 16336558 | fbd5c7b2-6035-45cf-9222-a3d9f77d9ae | 2011-03-01 11:05:50.724+01
 16336550 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:05:33.631+01
 16336549 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:05:28.313+01
 16336548 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:05:28.309+01
 16336545 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:05:20.86+01
 16336541 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:03:23.626+01
 16336539 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:03:18.623+01
 16336538 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:03:18.613+01
 16336535 |                                     | 2011-03-01 11:03:08.553+01
 16336534 | db9dcfb9-870d-42f6-947f-9a22fb49592 | 2011-03-01 11:03:08.531+01
 16336533 | db9dcfb9-870d-42f6-947f-9a22fb49592 | 2011-03-01 11:03:08.457+01
(50 rows)
Time: 51442.732 ms

Only problem is the time it took!


===WHAT PROGRAM YOU'RE USING TO CONNECT===

For this debugging purposes I'm using a mix of psql (on the target system)
and pgAdmin (from my Windows machine). The final application involves a Java
web application running in Tomcat 5.5.


===CHANGES MADE TO THE SETTINGS IN THE POSTGRESQL.CONF FILE===

    # This specific configuration is made on basis of postgresql.conf of
PostgreSQL 8.3
    #
    # Memory usage:             typical: maximum:
    # - Application server         1,2GB    1,5GB
    # - Shared buffers             1,0GB    1,0GB
    # - Work memory                ?        2,2GB
    #   ((>>connections) * work_mem)
    #   (only counting relevant application server connections*)
    # - Query cache                ?        2,0GB
    # -------------------------------------------
    #   Total                               6,7GB
    #

    # tailor maximum connections to what our application server requires
application
    # server to use 30 + 8 at most few left over for i.e. psql thingies
    max_connections = 40

    # 1/2 up to 3/4 of total memory, used by all connections and such
    shared_buffers = 1024MB

    temp_buffers = 64MB

    max_prepared_transactions = 25

    # sorting large sets of queries (such as events, event details)
    # might require some memory to be able to be done in RAM
    # the total work memory is max_connections * work_mem
    # dynamically addressed
    work_mem = 75MB

    # been told that no one should want to use this anymore
    # there are no known disadvantages of not writing full pages
    full_page_writes = off

    wal_buffers = 8MB

    # larger numbers of segments to write logs into makes each of them easier,
    # thus checkpointing becoming less of a resource hog
    checkpoint_segments = 32

    # longer time to do the same amount of work,
    # thus checkpointing becoming less of a resource hog
    checkpoint_timeout = 10min

    # longer time to do the same amount of work,
    # thus checkpointing becoming less of a resource hog
    checkpoint_completion_target = 0.8

    # 1/2 up to 3/4 of total memory
    # used to keep query results for reuse for a certain amount of time
    # dynamically addressed
    effective_cache_size = 2048MB

    # the higher the value, the better the query planner optimizes for
performance
    default_statistics_target = 100

    # constraint_exclusion not retained over dump/restore otherwise
    constraint_exclusion = on

    log_destination = 'syslog'

    # log queries if they take longer than this value (in ms)
    log_min_duration_statement = 300

    # auto-vacuum less often, thus less of a performance hog
    autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 500

    # analyze less often, thus less of a performance hog
    autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 500


===OPERATING SYSTEM AND VERSION===

Ubuntu 8.04.4 LTS \n \l
Linux 2.6.24-23-server
Software RAID I (MDADM)


===FOR PERFORMANCE QUESTIONS: WHAT KIND OF HARDWARE===

INTEL CR2 DUO DT 1.8G 800F 2M 775P TY(G)
SEAGATE 80G 3.5" SATA 7KRPM 8M(G)
8G DDR2-800 RAM


===FULL TABLE AND INDEX SCHEMA===

    CREATE TABLE events_events
    (
      id bigserial NOT NULL,
      carparkid bigint,
      cleared boolean NOT NULL,
      datetime timestamp with time zone,
      identity character varying(255),
      generatedbystationid bigint,
      eventtype_id bigint NOT NULL,
      relatedstationid bigint,
      processingstatus character varying(255) NOT NULL,
      transactionid character varying(36),
      CONSTRAINT events_events_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id),
      CONSTRAINT fk88fe3effa0559276 FOREIGN KEY (eventtype_id)
          REFERENCES events_event_types (id) MATCH SIMPLE
          ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE NO ACTION
    )
    WITH (OIDS=FALSE);
    ALTER TABLE events_events OWNER TO postgres;

    CREATE INDEX events_events_cleared_eventtype_id_datetime_ind ON
events_events USING btree (cleared, eventtype_id, datetime);
    CREATE INDEX events_events_cleared_ind ON events_events USING btree
(cleared);
    CREATE INDEX events_events_datetime_cleared_ind ON events_events USING
btree (datetime, cleared) WHERE NOT cleared;
    CREATE INDEX events_events_datetime_eventtype_id_ind ON events_events USING
btree (datetime, eventtype_id);
    CREATE INDEX events_events_datetime_ind ON events_events USING btree
(datetime);
    CREATE INDEX events_events_eventtype_id_datetime_ind ON events_events USING
btree (eventtype_id, datetime);
    CREATE INDEX events_events_eventtype_id_ind ON events_events USING btree
(eventtype_id);
    CREATE INDEX events_events_identity_ind ON events_events USING btree
(identity);
    CREATE INDEX events_events_not_cleared_ind ON events_events USING btree
(cleared) WHERE NOT cleared;
    CREATE INDEX events_events_processingstatus_new ON events_events USING
btree (processingstatus) WHERE processingstatus::text = 'NEW'::text;
    CREATE INDEX events_events_relatedstation_eventtype_datetime_desc_ind ON
events_events USING btree (relatedstationid, eventtype_id, datetime);


    CREATE TABLE events_eventdetails
    (
      id bigserial NOT NULL,
      keyname character varying(255) NOT NULL,
      "value" text NOT NULL,
      event_id bigint NOT NULL,
      listindex integer,
      CONSTRAINT events_eventdetails_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id),
      CONSTRAINT events_eventdetails_event_id_fk FOREIGN KEY (event_id)
          REFERENCES events_events (id) MATCH SIMPLE
          ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE CASCADE,
      CONSTRAINT events_eventdetails_event_id_key UNIQUE (event_id, keyname,
listindex)
    )
    WITH (OIDS=FALSE);
    ALTER TABLE events_eventdetails OWNER TO postgres;

    CREATE INDEX events_eventdetails_event_id_ind ON events_eventdetails USING
btree (event_id);
    CREATE INDEX events_eventdetails_keyname_ind ON events_eventdetails USING
btree (keyname);
    CREATE INDEX events_eventdetails_substring_ind ON events_eventdetails USING
btree (keyname, "substring"(value, 0, 32));
    CREATE INDEX events_eventdetails_value_ind ON events_eventdetails USING
btree ("substring"(value, 0, 32));

    Many partitions, approx. 50. E.g.:
    CREATE OR REPLACE RULE events_eventdetails_insert_customer_id AS ON INSERT
TO events_eventdetails WHERE new.keyname::text = 'customer_id'::text DO
INSTEAD INSERT INTO events_eventdetails_customer_id (id, keyname, value,
event_id, listindex) VALUES (new.id, new.keyname, new.value, new.event_id,
new.listindex);


    CREATE TABLE events_eventdetails_customer_id
    (
    -- Inherited:   id bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT
nextval('events_eventdetails_id_seq'::regclass),
    -- Inherited:   keyname character varying(255) NOT NULL,
    -- Inherited:   "value" text NOT NULL,
    -- Inherited:   event_id bigint NOT NULL,
    -- Inherited:   listindex integer,
      CONSTRAINT events_eventdetails_customer_id_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id),
      CONSTRAINT events_eventdetails_customer_id_event_id_fk FOREIGN KEY
(event_id)
          REFERENCES events_events (id) MATCH SIMPLE
          ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE CASCADE,
      CONSTRAINT events_eventdetails_customer_id_keyname_check CHECK
(keyname::text = 'customer_id'::text)
    )
    INHERITS (events_eventdetails)
    WITH (OIDS=FALSE);
    ALTER TABLE events_eventdetails_customer_id OWNER TO postgres;

    CREATE INDEX events_eventdetails_customer_id_event_id_ind ON
events_eventdetails_customer_id USING btree (event_id);
    CREATE INDEX events_eventdetails_customer_id_substring_ind ON
events_eventdetails_customer_id USING btree (keyname, "substring"(value, 0,
32));


===TABLE METADATA===

    select count(*) from events_events; --> 3910163
    select count(*) from events_eventdetails; --> 30216033
    select count(*) from events_eventdetails_customer_id; (single partition)
--> 2976101


===EXPLAIN ANALYZE===

Limit  (cost=36962467348.39..36962467348.51 rows=50 width=52) (actual
time=58765.029..58765.078 rows=50 loops=1)
  ->  Sort  (cost=36962467348.39..37251140933.75 rows=115469434145 width=52)
(actual time=58765.023..58765.042 rows=50 loops=1)
        Sort Key: events1.datetime
        Sort Method:  top-N heapsort  Memory: 19kB
        ->  Unique  (cost=31971961433.07..33126655774.52 rows=115469434145
width=52) (actual time=58764.565..58764.844 rows=145 loops=1)
              ->  Sort  (cost=31971961433.07..32260635018.43
rows=115469434145 width=52) (actual time=58764.564..58764.652 rows=222
loops=1)
                    Sort Key: events1.id, events1.transactionid,
events1.datetime
                    Sort Method:  quicksort  Memory: 29kB
                    ->  Append  (cost=0.00..3256444445.93 rows=115469434145
width=52) (actual time=0.304..58763.738 rows=222 loops=1)
                          ->  Nested Loop  (cost=0.00..148161.10 rows=10345
width=52) (actual time=0.303..2.781 rows=145 loops=1)
                                ->  Append  (cost=0.00..21312.39 rows=15312
width=8) (actual time=0.236..0.738 rows=187 loops=1)
                                      ->  Index Scan using
events_eventdetails_substring_ind on events_eventdetails customerdetails
(cost=0.00..457.37 rows=113 width=8) (actual time=0.077..0.077 rows=0
loops=1)
                                            Index Cond: (((keyname)::text =
'customer_id'::text) AND ("substring"(value, 0, 32) = '598124'::text))
                                      ->  Index Scan using
events_eventdetails_customer_id_substring_ind on
events_eventdetails_customer_id customerdetails  (cost=0.00..20855.02
rows=15199 width=8) (actual time=0.158..0.530 rows=187 loops=1)
                                            Index Cond: (((keyname)::text =
'customer_id'::text) AND ("substring"(value, 0, 32) = '598124'::text))
                                ->  Index Scan using events_events_pkey on
events_events events1  (cost=0.00..8.27 rows=1 width=52) (actual
time=0.009..0.009 rows=1 loops=187)
                                      Index Cond: (events1.id =
customerdetails.event_id)
                                      Filter: (events1.eventtype_id = ANY

('{100,103,105,106,45,34,14,87,58,78,7,76,11,25,57,98,30,35,33,49,52,28,85,59,23,22,51,48,36,65,66,18,13,86,75,44,38,43,94,56,95,96,71,50,81,90,89,16,17,88,79,77,68,97,92,67,72,53,2,10,31,32,80,24,93,26,9,8,61,5,73,70,63,20,60,40,41,39,101,104,107,99,64,62,55,69,19,46,47,15,21,27,54,12,102,108}'::bigint[]))
                          ->  Merge Join  (cost=369560509.82..2101601943.38
rows=115469423800 width=52) (actual time=58760.353..58760.806 rows=77
loops=1)
                                Merge Cond: (customerdetails.event_id =
details2_transvalue.event_id)
                                ->  Sort  (cost=24111.00..24149.28
rows=15312 width=8) (actual time=0.644..0.710 rows=187 loops=1)
                                      Sort Key: customerdetails.event_id
                                      Sort Method:  quicksort  Memory: 24kB
                                      ->  Append  (cost=0.00..23046.64
rows=15312 width=8) (actual time=0.130..0.461 rows=187 loops=1)
                                            ->  Index Scan using
events_eventdetails_substring_ind on events_eventdetails customerdetails
(cost=0.00..457.37 rows=113 width=8) (actual time=0.021..0.021 rows=0
loops=1)
                                                  Index Cond:
(((keyname)::text = 'customer_id'::text) AND ("substring"(value, 0, 32) =
'598124'::text))
                                            ->  Index Scan using
events_eventdetails_customer_id_substring_ind on
events_eventdetails_customer_id customerdetails  (cost=0.00..22589.27
rows=15199 width=8) (actual time=0.107..0.319 rows=187 loops=1)
                                                  Index Cond:
(((keyname)::text = 'customer_id'::text) AND ("substring"(value, 0, 32) =
'598124'::text))
                                ->  Materialize
(cost=369536398.82..388389165.24 rows=1508221314 width=60) (actual
time=56515.482..58227.360 rows=986788 loops=1)
                                      ->  Sort
(cost=369536398.82..373306952.10 rows=1508221314 width=60) (actual
time=56515.478..57357.833 rows=986788 loops=1)
                                            Sort Key:
details2_transvalue.event_id
                                            Sort Method:  external merge
Disk: 69416kB
                                            ->  Merge Join
(cost=1181483.03..31350423.76 rows=1508221314 width=60) (actual
time=42137.760..51804.819 rows=986808 loops=1)
                                                  Merge Cond:
(("substring"(details2_transkey.value, 0, 32)) =
("substring"(details2_transvalue.value, 0, 32)))
                                                  ->  Sort
(cost=908652.98..909781.59 rows=451445 width=127) (actual
time=25898.797..27330.921 rows=658637 loops=1)
                                                        Sort Key:
("substring"(details2_transkey.value, 0, 32))
                                                        Sort Method:
external merge  Disk: 85584kB
                                                        ->  Hash Join
(cost=621670.67..866252.84 rows=451445 width=127) (actual
time=8238.959..15256.168 rows=658637 loops=1)
                                                              Hash Cond:
(details2_transkey.event_id = events2.id)
                                                              ->  Append
(cost=16092.38..208184.56 rows=668175 width=83) (actual
time=383.062..3180.853 rows=658638 loops=1)
                                                                    ->
Bitmap Heap Scan on events_eventdetails details2_transkey
(cost=16092.38..208184.56 rows=668175 width=83) (actual
time=383.060..2755.386 rows=658638 loops=1)

Recheck Cond: ((keyname)::text = 'transactionId'::text)
                                                                          ->
Bitmap Index Scan on events_eventdetails_keyname_ind  (cost=0.00..15925.33
rows=668175 width=0) (actual time=274.388..274.388 rows=658909 loops=1)

Index Cond: ((keyname)::text = 'transactionId'::text)
                                                              ->  Hash
(cost=548042.97..548042.97 rows=2641946 width=52) (actual
time=7855.242..7855.242 rows=3711961 loops=1)
                                                                    ->
Bitmap Heap Scan on events_events events2  (cost=75211.99..548042.97
rows=2641946 width=52) (actual time=1024.685..4581.588 rows=3711961 loops=1)

Recheck Cond: (eventtype_id = ANY

('{100,103,105,106,45,34,14,87,58,78,7,76,11,25,57,98,30,35,33,49,52,28,85,59,23,22,51,48,36,65,66,18,13,86,75,44,38,43,94,56,95,96,71,50,81,90,89,16,17,88,79,77,68,97,92,67,72,53,2,10,31,32,80,24,93,26,9,8,61,5,73,70,63,20,60,40,41,39,101,104,107,99,64,62,55,69,19,46,47,15,21,27,54,12,102,108}'::bigint[]))
                                                                          ->
Bitmap Index Scan on events_events_eventtype_id_ind  (cost=0.00..74551.50
rows=2641946 width=0) (actual time=983.354..983.354 rows=3712003 loops=1)

Index Cond: (eventtype_id = ANY

('{100,103,105,106,45,34,14,87,58,78,7,76,11,25,57,98,30,35,33,49,52,28,85,59,23,22,51,48,36,65,66,18,13,86,75,44,38,43,94,56,95,96,71,50,81,90,89,16,17,88,79,77,68,97,92,67,72,53,2,10,31,32,80,24,93,26,9,8,61,5,73,70,63,20,60,40,41,39,101,104,107,99,64,62,55,69,19,46,47,15,21,27,54,12,102,108}'::bigint[]))
                                                  ->  Sort
(cost=272830.05..274500.49 rows=668175 width=83) (actual
time=16238.940..16958.522 rows=986808 loops=1)
                                                        Sort Key:
("substring"(details2_transvalue.value, 0, 32))
                                                        Sort Method:
external sort  Disk: 61784kB
                                                        ->  Result
(cost=16092.38..208184.56 rows=668175 width=83) (actual
time=391.124..4336.367 rows=658638 loops=1)
                                                              ->  Append
(cost=16092.38..208184.56 rows=668175 width=83) (actual
time=391.104..3130.494 rows=658638 loops=1)
                                                                    ->
Bitmap Heap Scan on events_eventdetails details2_transvalue
(cost=16092.38..208184.56 rows=668175 width=83) (actual
time=391.103..2713.520 rows=658638 loops=1)

Recheck Cond: ((keyname)::text = 'transactionId'::text)
                                                                          ->
Bitmap Index Scan on events_eventdetails_keyname_ind  (cost=0.00..15925.33
rows=668175 width=0) (actual time=283.327..283.327 rows=658909 loops=1)

Index Cond: ((keyname)::text = 'transactionId'::text)
Total runtime: 58869.397 ms

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